Unit 3 Topic 2 Flashcards
What are the three types of memory and how long do each last
Sensory memory – less than 1 second
Echoic Sensory – sound (3-4 seconds)
Iconic Sensory – sight (0.3 seconds)
Short term memory – less than 1 minute
Long term memory – undefined.
What key sections make up long term memory
Explicit Memory – Declarative (Episodic and Semantic)
Procedural Memory – Implicit
What is the role of procedural memory (and implicit memory)
Procedural memory is for skills and tasks. Implicit memory is for memory of skills, emotion and preferences. Amygdala is involved in all of these.
What is the role of explicit memory (and declarative, episodic and semantic memory)
Explicit – conscious memories, hippocampus is involved.
Declarative – facts and events (memories of past)
Episodic – events and experiences, two types (retrospective – memories of past, prospective – remembering for future)
Semantic – facts and concepts and general knowledge.
What is the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch 1974), what aspects are contained in this, and what roles do they play.
Contains:
- Phonological Loop – auditory working memory (helps understand sentences)
- Visuospatial Sketchpad – storage of what is seen, also helps picture things.
- Central Executive – controls attention and enables mental manipulation of data. Within there is inhibition (screening out irrelevant info), switching (changing attention from one spot to the other) and updating (modifying items brought from LTM before recommitting to memory.
- Episodic Buffer – helps retrieve information from LTM to associate with info in working memory, also selects and encodes memory to LTM.
What is the levels of processing model
- memory is a continuous dimension where memories are encoded related to ease of retrieval
- deeper level of processing = easier they can be retrieved.
- Craik and Lockhart (1972) – three levels of processing
- structural (20% of words recalled)
- phonemic (50% words recalled)
- semantic (80% words recalled)
How is the hippocampus involved in memory?
- establishing background or context for each new memory (location, situation)
- transition to long term memory, early storage place for LTM
How is the amygdala involved in memory?
- gives emotional context to memories
How is the cerebellum involved in memory?
procedural memories are encoded, processed and stored by the cerebellum.
Enables us to automatically perform tasks without conscious effort
What is recall in the context of memory, and its three types?
Retrieves information using minimal cues.
- Free recall – retrieve as much information in any order
- Serial recall – recall in order it was presented
- Cued recall – using various prompts (eg. the surname is short and ends with D)
What is recognition in the context of memory?
Identifying correct information when it is among incorrect information (multiple choice questions, having to select the correct one).
What is relearning in the context of memory? What is the savings score formula with this.
Learning something that has already been committed to memory to refresh it. Especially with procedural memory.
Savings score = (time for original learning) - (time for relearning) / (time for original learning)
What are the key reasons that people forget information?
- can’t access a cue or retrieval prompt
- wrong type of cue
- pseudo-forgetting – think its been forgotten but it was never remembered properly.
- proactive interference – old learning inhibits storage and encoding of new material
- retroactive interference – new learning inhibits retrieval of old material
What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
The feeling that we know something, but it isn’t available to be recalled. Indicates something was forgotten due to retrieval failure.
What are the three techniques to improve memory?
Chunking
Rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative)
Mnemonics (method of loci, SQ4R method)
