Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Question 1

Renaissance-era anatomist, author of “On the fabric of the human body,” a groundbreaking work in the field of human anatomy. Challenged Galen’s views on blood systems and disease

Answer 1

Andreas Vesalius

Question 2

Attempted to prove heliocentricism but was attacked by protestant theologians

Answer 2

Copernicus

Question 3

Italian scientist, known for his pioneering work in astronomy, physics, and telescopic observations, which supported the heliocentric model and challenged conventional scientific beliefs.

Answer 3

Galileo

Question 4

English physicist and mathematician, famous for his laws of motion and universal gravitation, which revolutionized physics and laid the foundation for modern science.

Answer 4

Isaac Newton

Question 5

English physician, known for his discovery of the circulation of blood in the human body, a groundbreaking contribution to the field of physiology. Wrote “On the notion of the heart and blood”

Answer 5

William Harvey

Question 6

English philosopher, statesman, and scientist, regarded as one of the founders of the inductive reasoning and known for his works on empirical inquiry and the advancement of human knowledge.

Answer 6

Francis Bacon

Question 7

French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, famous for his statement “I think, therefore I am” and for his foundational contributions to both modern philosophy and mathematics. Established deductive reasoning as the basis of all knowledge

Answer 7

René Descartes

Question 8

Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist, known for his influential works on empiricism and skepticism, which had a profound impact on Western philosophy.

Answer 8

David Hume

Question 9

Scottish economist and philosopher who criticised mercantilism and promoted a free market approach.

Answer 9

Adam Smith

Question 10

English philosopher who promoted political liberalism and religious and criticised absolutism. Believed in consent to be ruled

Answer 10

John Locke

Question 11

French Deist Enlightenment philosopher, writer, and advocate for freedom of speech and religious tolerance.

Answer 11

Voltaire

Question 12

French-german philosopher, scientist and first public atheist. Argued that everything in the universe was made of matter and that religious devotion wasn’t necessarily the mark of a good life.

Answer 12

Baron d’Holbach

Question 13

French philosopher, writer, and composer, famous for his influential works on political philosophy, education, and the social contract theory, which emphasized the importance of individual freedom and direct democracy.

Answer 13

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 14

English writer, philosopher, and advocate for women’s rights, best known for her work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,” which argued for equal educational opportunities for women and laid the foundation for modern feminism.

Answer 14

Mary Wollstonecroft

Question 15

Russian empress known for her enlightened rule, expansion of the Russian Empire, and support for culture and the arts during the 18th century.

Answer 15

Catherine the Great of Russia

Question 16

Archduchess of Austria and Holy Roman Empress, known for her enlightened reign, administrative reforms, and efforts to strengthen the Habsburg monarchy during the 18th century. Modernised Austria but was still conservative.

Answer 16

Maria Theresa of Austria

Question 17

Holy Roman Emperor during the late 18th century, remembered for his extensive reform efforts, including religious tolerance and social changes, and for his attempts to modernize the Habsburg Empire.

Answer 17

Joseph II of Austria

Question 18

Enlightened King of Prussia. Banned torture, indroduced religious toleration and invited Voltaire to Prussia.

Answer 18

Frederick II the Great of Prussia