Unit 2: Age of Reformation

Question 1

German born priest who criticised the corrupt sale of indulgences in the 95 thesis as well as later publishing a
translation of the bible into German.

Answer 1

Martin Luther

Question 2

French born scholar who developed a form of Protestantism that became highly influential in the Swiss city of
Geneva.

Answer 2

John Calvin

Question 3

Scottish reformer who brought Calvinism to Scotland where it became highly influential

Answer 3

John Knox

Question 4

German prince who sheltered Martin Luther as an outlaw. During this time Luther made a
translation of the bible into German

Answer 4

Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

Question 5

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. Most powerful Habsburg leader in history, he also dominated Italy, the
Netherlands and the New World. Declared Luther an outlaw at the Diet of Worms and later faced Protestant rebellion by the German
Schmalkaldic League. Later agreed to allow practice of Lutheranism under terms of Peace of Augsburg

Answer 5

Charles V

Question 6

Continued the Protestant reformation in England after death of Henry VIII and introduced the Book of
Common Prayer

Answer 6

Edward VI of England

Question 7

Successor to Mary I of England. Reversed Catholic counter-reformation in England. Continued the
Protestant reformation in England, and involved England in French and Spanish wars of religion on Protestant side.

Answer 7

Elizabeth I of England

Question 8

The son of Emperor Charles V and briefly husband of Queen Mary I of England. Ruled a massive Spanish
Empire in Europe and the New World. Enforced Catholic counter-reformation by funding the French Catholic League and sending
armada to invade England. Lack of toleration provoked independence of the Dutch united provinces and war.

Answer 8

Philip II of Spain

Question 9

King of France who supported a policy of religious toleration but did not have a successor. The death of
his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou sparked the ‘War of the three Henrys’. His allies were the politique faction.

Answer 9

King Henry III of France

Question 10

Leader of the Huguenots in the War of the three Henrys, supported by Elizabeth I of
England and the German protestant princes. Victor in the war, he later converted to Catholicism and passed the Edict of Nante,
began Bourbon line.

Answer 10

King Henry IV of France

Question 11

Leader of the ultra-Catholic faction in the War of the three Henrys.

Answer 11

Duc of Guise

Question 12

Spanish nobleman who underwent Catholic religious transformation and established the Society of Jesus,
better known as the Jesuits.

Answer 12

Ignatius of Loyola

Question 13

Holy Roman Emperor who succeeded the childless Rudolf II. He ended religious toleration in the empire and
promoted the Jesuit led Catholic Counter-Reformation. These actions sparked the 30 Years War.

Answer 13

Ferdinand II

Question 14

Reigned as Calvinist king of Bohemia, briefly, during the Bohemian phase of the 30 Years
War

Answer 14

Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate

Question 15

Protestant king of Denmark and Norway who successfully invaded and devastated much of Germany
during the 30 Years War

Answer 15

Christian IV of Denmark

Question 16

Military leader who became the supreme commander of the armies of Emperor Ferdinand II in the 30
Years War. A successful leader, he was assassinated at the orders of the emperor himself, who feared Wallenstein’s growing power
and influence.

Answer 16

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Question 17

Protestant King of Sweden and ambitious military leader. Transformed Sweden into a significant
power but died in battle against Wallenstein in the 30 Years War.

Answer 17

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Question 18

French clergyman and chief minister to King Louis XIII of France. Helped consolidate the power of
the monarchy and involved France in war against the Holy Roman Empire along with funding and allying with various Protestant
nations

Answer 18

Cardinal Richelieu of France

Question 19

1517

Answer 19

Luther published 95 theses

Question 20

1536

Answer 20

Calvin begins reformation in Geneva

Question 21

1540

Answer 21

Creation of the Jesuits

Question 22

1598

Answer 22

Edict of Nantes

Question 23

1648

Answer 23

Peace of Westphalia

Question 24

Purgatory

Answer 24

A place where sins are punished and a soul is purified before it can go to Heaven in catholic religion

Question 25

Transubstantiation

Answer 25

Change of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ in catholic religion

Question 26

Priesthood of all believers

Answer 26

The Protestant belief that all believers have direct access to God and do not need a priest to act as intermediary

Question 27

Calvinism

Answer 27

A protestant theological system developped by John Calvin

Question 28

Predestination

Answer 28

Calvinist concept according to which God has chosen already those who will be pardoned and have the right to eternal life.

Question 29

Protestant work ethic

Answer 29

belief that hard work is good as a sign of Christian living

Question 30

Catholic counter reformation

Answer 30

3 key aspects: spanish inquisition, Index of forbidden books, jesuits

Question 31

Puritanism

Answer 31

A form of very strict protestantism

Question 32

Westphalian sovereignty

Answer 32

a principle that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory and no one has the right to invade