Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Question 1

Known for his conflicts with Parliament, which ultimately led to the English Civil War and his execution in 1649.

Answer 1

Charles I of England

Question 2

Served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth from 1653 to 1658, following the English Civil War and the execution of King Charles I. His leadership marked a period of republican and calvinist rule in England.

Answer 2

Oliver Cromwell

Question 3

Oversaw the restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War and the brief period of republican rule under Oliver Cromwell. Undid strict Calvinist laws

Answer 3

Charles II of England

Question 4

Last Catholic monarch of England. His attempts to promote Catholicism and extend his royal authority led to the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in his removal from the throne and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under William and Mary in 1688.

Answer 4

James II of England

Question 5

Dutch prince who played a significant role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He and his wife, Mary II, were invited to the English throne to help secure Protestantism and limit the power of the Catholic King James II. William ruled jointly with Mary II, and their reign marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.

Answer 5

William of Orange

Question 6

Also known as the “Sun King,” one of most powerful absolutist monarchs. Renowned for his exceptionally long reign and for centralizing power in the monarchy. His reign saw the construction of the Palace of Versailles, expansion of French territories, and the promotion of French culture and art.

Answer 6

Louis XIV

Question 7

Chief minister to King Louis XIV of France during the regency, key figure in centralizing royal power. Defeated the Fronde

Answer 7

Cardinal Mazarin

Question 8

French minister under Louis XIV, reformed the army and strengthened the French military.

Answer 8

Marquis de Louvois

Question 9

Prominent French minister under Louis XIV, credited with modernizing the French economy and promoting industry and trade.

Answer 9

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Question 10

Tsar of Russia, known for modernizing and westernizing the Russian state, including extensive reforms and expansion of the Russian Empire. Introduced absolutism in Russia

Answer 10

Peter the Great