UNIT 4 ➜ SAC 1

Question 1

All countries can be split into 4 income-groups. What are they?

Answer 1

High income
Upper-middle income
Lower-middle income
Low income

Question 2

Provide 2 examples of countries from each income-group classification

Answer 2

High income = Australia, US

Upper-middle income = China, Mexico

Lower-middle income = India, Nepal

Low income = Ethiopia, Uganda

Question 3

What the ECONOMIC characteristics of High-income countries?

HINT - There are 4 characteristics

Answer 3

◦ Lower levels of poverty
◦ Higher average incomes
◦ Wide range of industries
◦ Opportunities for global trade

Question 4

What are the SOCIAL characteristics of High-income countries?

HINT - There are 8 characteristics (try to remember 3-4)

Answer 4

◦ ⇧ levels of Gender equality
◦ ⇩ birth rates and population growth
◦ ⇧ levels of Employment
◦ ⇧ levels of Education
◦ Developed health systems 
◦ Access to technology
◦ Developed social security systems
◦ Developed legal systems

Question 5

What are the ENVIRONMENTAL characteristics of High-income countries?

HINT - There are 5 characteristics (try to remember 3-4)

Answer 5

◦ ⇧ levels of carbon dioxide emissions
◦ Food security
◦ Adequate housing
◦ Adequate infrastructure
◦ Access to safe water and sanitation

Question 6

What is GNI per capita?

Answer 6

GNI - Gross National Income

The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.

Question 7

What is GDP

Answer 7

GDP - Gross Domestic Product

A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.

Question 8

List 2 general similarities and differences between low/middle AND high-income countries

Answer 8

SIMILARITIES
◦ Life expectancy is increasing in all income groups
◦ Infant, U5MR and maternal mortality rates are decreasing in all income groups

DIFFERENCES
◦ Life expectancy generally fluctuates more in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries
◦ Mortality rates due to infectious diseases (including HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and water-borne diseases) are considerably higher in low-income countries.

Question 9

a) Define Safe water

b) What are its 4 main uses?

Answer 9

a) Refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury.
b) Consumption, Food preparation/cooking, Washing + hygiene and Agriculture + production

Question 10

List 2 impacts on Health status and Burden of disease if safe water isn’t consumed

Answer 10

Health status
◦ Higher infant and U5MR due to children contracting diarrhoea
◦ Higher incidence/prevalence of cholera cases

Burden of disease
◦ Contributes significant YLL associated w/ cholera
◦ Contributes DALYs associated w/ diarrhoea

Question 11

Define Sanitation

Answer 11

Refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.
- Also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection + wastewater disposal

Question 12

List 2 impacts on Health status and Burden of disease if people lack access to adequate sanitation

Answer 12

Health status
◦ Higher prevalence of injuries (e.g. assault) due to girls waiting til dark to relieve themselves
◦ Higher infant + U5MR due to water-borne diseases

Burden of disease
◦ DALYs from infectious diseases (e.g. diarrhoea, cholera) due to open defecation
◦ YLL associated w/ intestinal worms due to contaminated soil with faeces

Question 13

Define Poverty

Answer 13

Not having the resources to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter.

Question 14

What are the 2 types of Poverty?

• Identify and Define each type

Answer 14

EXTREME POVERTY - Those living on less than a certain amount per day (often US$1.90 a day)

RELATIVE POVERTY - Those living on less than 50 per cent of their country’s average income

Question 15

List the 6 resources that Poverty can affect access to

Answer 15

◦ Adequate housing
◦ Healthcare
◦ Nutritious food
◦ Clean water and sanitation
◦ Education
◦ Gov. services (including social protection measures) and infrastructure

Question 16

Define Discrimination

Answer 16

When a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.

Question 17

Define Racial Discrimination

Answer 17

When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status

Question 18

Define Sex

Answer 18

Sex refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth.

Question 19

Define Sexual orientation

Answer 19

Sexual orientation describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to.

Question 20

Define Gender identity

Answer 20

Gender identity describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither.

Question 21

List 2 impacts on Health status and Burden of disease if gender inequality is present?

HINT - In relation to females

Answer 21

Health status
◦ High U5MR as girls are often fed last, receiving insuffient nutrients = malnutrition
◦ High incidence of HIV/AIDS due to young girls being forced in prostitution

Burden of disease
◦ Contributes significant YLD due to depression + elevated levels of anxiety and stress
◦ Contributes significant YLL due to HIV/AIDS

Question 22

Define Globalisation

Answer 22

The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society.

• A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process

Question 23

Define Marketing

Answer 23

The activities of a company associated with selling a product or service, including advertising, selling and delivering products to people.

Question 24

Define Global marketing

Answer 24

Refers to the advertising and supply of products on a global scale; for example, the global marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods.

Question 25

List the 2 conditions associated with tobacco use, alcohol misuse and processed foods

Answer 25

Tobacco

• Increased risk of infection
• Many forms of cancer (e.g. lung cancer)

Alcohol

• Liver disease (Cirrohosis)
• High BMI and its associated conditions (i.e CVD)

Processed foods

• High BMI and its associated conditions (i.e CVD)
• Hypertension

Question 26

Define Double burden of disease

Answer 26

Where conditions associated with poverty and conditions associated with wealth exist at the same time in a community. For example, undernutrition and obesity.