UNIT 4 ➜ SAC 1 Flashcards
All countries can be split into 4 income-groups. What are they?
High income
Upper-middle income
Lower-middle income
Low income
Provide 2 examples of countries from each income-group classification
High income = Australia, US
Upper-middle income = China, Mexico
Lower-middle income = India, Nepal
Low income = Ethiopia, Uganda
What the ECONOMIC characteristics of High-income countries?
HINT - There are 4 characteristics
◦ Lower levels of poverty
◦ Higher average incomes
◦ Wide range of industries
◦ Opportunities for global trade
What are the SOCIAL characteristics of High-income countries?
HINT - There are 8 characteristics (try to remember 3-4)
◦ ⇧ levels of Gender equality ◦ ⇩ birth rates and population growth ◦ ⇧ levels of Employment ◦ ⇧ levels of Education ◦ Developed health systems ◦ Access to technology ◦ Developed social security systems ◦ Developed legal systems
What are the ENVIRONMENTAL characteristics of High-income countries?
HINT - There are 5 characteristics (try to remember 3-4)
◦ ⇧ levels of carbon dioxide emissions ◦ Food security ◦ Adequate housing ◦ Adequate infrastructure ◦ Access to safe water and sanitation
What is GNI per capita?
GNI - Gross National Income
The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
What is GDP
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.
List 2 general similarities and differences between low/middle AND high-income countries
SIMILARITIES
◦ Life expectancy is increasing in all income groups
◦ Infant, U5MR and maternal mortality rates are decreasing in all income groups
DIFFERENCES
◦ Life expectancy generally fluctuates more in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries
◦ Mortality rates due to infectious diseases (including HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and water-borne diseases) are considerably higher in low-income countries.
a) Define Safe water
b) What are its 4 main uses?
a) Refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury.
b) Consumption, Food preparation/cooking, Washing + hygiene and Agriculture + production
List 2 impacts on Health status and Burden of disease if safe water isn’t consumed
Health status
◦ Higher infant and U5MR due to children contracting diarrhoea
◦ Higher incidence/prevalence of cholera cases
Burden of disease
◦ Contributes significant YLL associated w/ cholera
◦ Contributes DALYs associated w/ diarrhoea
Define Sanitation
Refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.
- Also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection + wastewater disposal
List 2 impacts on Health status and Burden of disease if people lack access to adequate sanitation
Health status
◦ Higher prevalence of injuries (e.g. assault) due to girls waiting til dark to relieve themselves
◦ Higher infant + U5MR due to water-borne diseases
Burden of disease
◦ DALYs from infectious diseases (e.g. diarrhoea, cholera) due to open defecation
◦ YLL associated w/ intestinal worms due to contaminated soil with faeces
Define Poverty
Not having the resources to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter.
What are the 2 types of Poverty?
- Identify and Define each type
EXTREME POVERTY - Those living on less than a certain amount per day (often US$1.90 a day)
RELATIVE POVERTY - Those living on less than 50 per cent of their country’s average income
List the 6 resources that Poverty can affect access to
◦ Adequate housing ◦ Healthcare ◦ Nutritious food ◦ Clean water and sanitation ◦ Education ◦ Gov. services (including social protection measures) and infrastructure
Define Discrimination
When a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.
Define Racial Discrimination
When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status
Define Sex
Sex refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth.
Define Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to.
Define Gender identity
Gender identity describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither.
List 2 impacts on Health status and Burden of disease if gender inequality is present?
HINT - In relation to females
Health status
◦ High U5MR as girls are often fed last, receiving insuffient nutrients = malnutrition
◦ High incidence of HIV/AIDS due to young girls being forced in prostitution
Burden of disease
◦ Contributes significant YLD due to depression + elevated levels of anxiety and stress
◦ Contributes significant YLL due to HIV/AIDS
Define Globalisation
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society.
- A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process
Define Marketing
The activities of a company associated with selling a product or service, including advertising, selling and delivering products to people.
Define Global marketing
Refers to the advertising and supply of products on a global scale; for example, the global marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods.
List the 2 conditions associated with tobacco use, alcohol misuse and processed foods
Tobacco
- Increased risk of infection
- Many forms of cancer (e.g. lung cancer)
Alcohol
- Liver disease (Cirrohosis)
- High BMI and its associated conditions (i.e CVD)
Processed foods
- High BMI and its associated conditions (i.e CVD)
- Hypertension
Define Double burden of disease
Where conditions associated with poverty and conditions associated with wealth exist at the same time in a community. For example, undernutrition and obesity.
