UNIT 3 ➜ SAC 3 Flashcards
CHAPTER 5
Describe the term ‘old public health’
‘Old public health’ refers to the actions taken by the government that focused on improving the physical environment to reduce ill-health
CHAPTER 5
What is meant by the term ‘public health’?
HINT - Answer has definition + 1 extra dot point
Relates to the actions of the government that work to promote h+wb and prevent illness
○ Particularly, the ways the government monitor, regulate and promote h+wb and prevent illness
CHAPTER 5
What are 5 factors that contributed to poor living conditions in the early 20th century?
○ Minimal access to clean water + sanitation
○ Waste littered streets - attracting mice/rats who carried diseases
○ Overcrowding + poor quality housing
○ Poor QUALITY and SAFETY of food
○ Dangerous working conditions + Lack of OHS regulation
CHAPTER 5
What are the policies and practices that are associated with Old public health?
HINT = There are 9 different policies and practices
○ Improved water and sanitation ○ Better quality housing + fewer slums ○ Introduction of Quarantine laws ○ Mass immunisation programs ○ Safer working conditions ○ Better quality food + nutrition ○ More hygienic birthing practices ○ Provision of antenatal + infant welfare services ○ Establishment of public health campaigns to prevent infectious diseases
CHAPTER 5
Define the Biomedical model of Health AND what are some of its key characteristics?
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease + illness. Its a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
○ Emphasis on doctors, specialists, use of medical tech + research
○ Referred to as the ‘quick fix’ or ‘bandaid’ approach - fixes the problem but doesn’t address the cause
○ Individuals are the focus but are not encouraged to take responsibility for their own health
CHAPTER 5
What are some advantages and disadvantages of the Biomedical model of Health?
✅. Advantages
- ⇧ Life expectancy due to illness/disease being cured, treated etc.
- Chronic conditions can be effectively managed w/ medication
❌ Disadvantages
- Encourages the belief that all conditions can be cured
- Doesn’t address the cause/determinants of health conditions
- $$ = requires use of expensive tech, medication + health professionals
CHAPTER 5
Describe what is meant by the term ‘new’ public health?
An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health.
*Also referred to as the Social model of health.
CHAPTER 5
What are some key characteristics of the Social model of health?
HINT - There are 4 listed
○ Aims to change behaviours
○ Barriers are addressed, preventing disease + illness altogether
○ Addresses determinants of health: physical, sociocultural and political environments
○ Uses policies, education, support and health promotion activities
CHAPTER 5
What are the 5 principles of the Social Model of Health?
○ Addresses broader determinants of health ○ Acts to reduce social inequities ○ Empowers individuals and communities ○ Acts to enable access to healthcare ○ Involves intersectoral collaboration
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Addresses the broader determinants of health’ refer to?
Refers to addressing all aspects of health, particularly differences between population groups/perspectives, to improve overall health status.
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Involves intersectoral collaboration’ refer to?
Refers to having groups from many sectors, such as government, health and the private sector, working together to achieve a common goal.
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What does ‘Acts to reduce social inequities’ refer to?
Refers to addressing the sociocultural factors that contribute to inequities, so that disadvantaged people can also experience optimal health and health status.
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Empower individuals and communities’ refer to?
Refers to building an individual’s or a community’s health knowledge, skills and confidence so they can make positive changes and participate in decision-making about their h+wb.
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Acts to enable access to healthcare’ refer to?
Refers to:
Everyone has the right to access affordable + culturally appropriate healthcare based on their needs via suitable formats.
CHAPTER 5
What are some advantages and disadvantages to the Social model of Health?
✅. Advantages
- Encourages individuals and populations to adopt a responsible approach to health = improve quantity + quality of life, prevent disease + illness
- Cost-effective: investment is cheaper
- Focuses on vulnerable populations, promotes health outcomes
❌ Disadvantages
- Harder to measure its effectiveness and success
- Leaves responsibility w/ the person and is based around the notion that they are willing to change their behaviour
- Not every condition can be prevented (e.g. genetic conditions)
CHAPTER 5
Define Health promotion
The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
- Focuses on illness prevention rather than cure.
CHAPTER 5
What is the Ottawa Charter?
An approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health.
CHAPTER 5
What are the 3 strategies involved in the Ottawa Charter?
AND
What are the 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter?
STRATEGIES
Enable, Mediate and Advocate
ACTION AREAS
Build health public policy, Create supportive environments, Strengthen community action, Develop personal skills and Reorient health services
Acronym - Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Build healthy public policy’ refer to?
Refers to the decisions made at all levels of government and by organisations that contribute to the improvement of health.
- Includes workplace policies, school policies, laws, rules, regulations and guidelines that aim to promote health.
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Create supportive environments’ refer to?
Recognising the impact that the broader determinants have on h+wb/health status and aims to promote a healthy physical and sociocultural environment for all members of the community.
- A supportive environment is one that promotes health and wellbeing by being safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable.
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Develop personal skills’ refer to?
Refers to gaining health-related knowledge and skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect health and wellbeing.
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Strengthen community action’ refer to?
Refers to building links between individuals and the community, and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal.
CHAPTER 5
What does ‘Reorient health services’ refer to?
Refers to changing the health system so that it promotes h+wb rather than just focusing on diagnosing and treating illness.
- Addressing all factors that influence h+wb - and this requires a shift towards health promotion.
CHAPTER 5
What are the 5 broad categories of diseases that affected patterns of mortality in the first half of the 20th century?
- Infectious and Parasitic diseases
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular disease
- Respiratory diseases
- Injury and Poisoning
CHAPTER 5
What are Infectious Diseases?
AND
What are Parasitic Diseases?
INFECTIOUS DISEASES = Diseases caused by micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses etc. that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
PARASITIC DISEASES = Diseases transmitted by parasites through contaminated food/water or from contact w/ others who have parasites on their skin or hair.
CHAPTER 5
What is Cardiovascular disease?
Cardiovascular diseases (also known as circulatory diseases) involve the heart and blood vessels, and interfere with how the blood is circulated throughout the body.
CHAPTER 5
What are Respiratory diseases?
Respiratory diseases affect the lungs and other parts of the body that are involved in breathing.
Examples: Covid19, Influenza (common flu), Asthma etc.
CHAPTER 5
What is Cancer?
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
CHAPTER 7
What conditions does Smoking cause?
○ Lung, Mouth etc. cancer
○ CVD
○ Prenatal/infant health outcomes = Low birth weight, premature death, increased risk of infectious diseases
○ Respiratory diseases (e.g. asthma)
CHAPTER 7
Why is SMOKING targeted?
HINT - There are 4 different reasons
○ Contributes to mort. + morb. more than any other preventable disease
○ Increased economic cost
(E.g. Time spent away from work = ⇩ income, ⇩ productivity
○ Affects vulnerable groups (e.g. Low SES, Indigenous etc.)
○ Causes disease + premature death for both adults and children
CHAPTER 7
What is the effectiveness of health promotion Quit for SMOKING?
Quit’s health promotion is successful as smoking rates have declined
CHAPTER 7
How does Quit link to the Ottawa Charter?
HINT - Look at each action area
B = Worked w/ the gov. to introduce smoking bans/smoking areas in restaurants
C = Provides various Quitline resources for the Aboriginal and LGBTQ+ population groups
S = Quit works w/ Cancer council, Victoria government and VicHealth
D = Provides various educational resources about Quitting tips and tactics to teach people a range of strategies/options
R = Receives funding from the Government for prevention resources
Link each Ottawa Charter action area to a principle of the Social model of health
HINT - One principle is repeated twice
○ Build healthy public policy - Involves intersectoral collaboration
○ Create supportive environments - Acts to reduce social inequities
○ Strengthen community action - Involves intersectoral collaboration
○ Develop personal skills - Empowers individuals and communities
○ Reorient health services - Acts to enable access to healthcare
What are the 5 Dietary Guidelines?
*In order, try to name them word-for-word
1 - To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
2 - Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water.
3 - Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
4 - Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.
5 - Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.
Why do we need to use both the Biomedical and Social models of health?
The Social model of health considers preventative measures, whereas the Biomedical model considers only diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.
- Can’t have one without the other; models compliment each other and both have their own separate benefits and limitations
When evaluating Indigenous programs, what does the acronym CHINN OFF stand for?
Is the program…
Culturally appropriate? Health issue is being addressed? Improvements to h+wb? Needs of target group being addressed? Number of people involved? Ottawa Charter evident and how? Funding/finances provided? Feedback from/by participants?
