Unit #4 Rights & Justice Flashcards
Actors
Individuals
Individual Right
Rights held by a person independently
Group or Collective Rights
Rights held by groups of people
Civil Rights
Legal protections for individuals against discrimination and unfair treatment.
Moral
Principles or beliefs about what is right or wrong behavior.
Norms
Accepted social rules or behaviors expected in a group or society.
Stakeholder
A person or group with an interest or concern in a particular issue or decision.
Retributive Justice
Justice focused on punishment for wrongdoing.
Restorative Justice
Justice that aims to repair harm by reconciling victims and offenders.
Legal Justice
Fairness in the application of laws and legal processes.
Cosmopolitan Justice
A view that justice should apply universally across all human beings
Post-Westphalian
Referring to the world order beyond the dominance of nation-states
Ecological Justice
Justice concerned with the fair treatment of the environment and all living beings.
Positive Liberty (Isaiah Berlin)
The freedom to achieve personal potential through access to opportunities and support.
Negative Liberty (Isaiah Berlin)
Freedom from external interference or constraints by others.
Equality of Opportunity
The idea that everyone should have the same chance to succeed regardless of background.
Equality of Outcome
Ensuring everyone has the same result or standard of living
Subject vs. Citizen
A subject owes loyalty to a ruler without guaranteed rights
Capital Punishment
The legal execution of a person as punishment for a crime.
Rehabilitation
Efforts to reform and reintegrate offenders back into society.
Appeal
A request for a higher court to review and change a legal decision.
Jurisdiction
The legal authority of a court or government to make decisions and enforce laws.
Principle of Complementarity
The idea that international courts only act when national legal systems are unable or unwilling to prosecute crimes.
Provisional Measures
Temporary legal actions taken to protect rights before a final court decision is made.
Judicial Overreach
When courts exceed their authority by interfering excessively in executive or legislative matters.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
Non-governmental groups that work to address social
Advocacy
Public support or recommendation for a particular cause or policy.
Stateless
Describing individuals who are not recognized as citizens by any country.
Roma People
An ethnic minority group traditionally living in Europe
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Business practices that promote social and environmental well-being alongside profit-making.
Trade Unions
Organizations of workers formed to protect and advance their rights and interests.
Customary International Law
Legal norms that develop over time from consistent international practices
Private International Law
Rules governing legal disputes between private parties across different countries.
Depositary
The official entity responsible for managing treaties
Ratification
The formal approval of a treaty or agreement by a country
Hierarchies of Rights
The ranking or prioritization of certain rights over others.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
Legal rules that protect individuals during armed conflicts and restrict means of warfare.
Universal Jurisdiction
The principle that certain crimes
Communitarianism
A philosophy emphasizing the importance of community values over individual rights.
Universalism
The belief that certain values or rights apply to all people universally.
Cultural Relativism
The view that beliefs and practices should be understood within their cultural context rather than judged against universal standards.
Exceptionalism
The belief that a particular country or group is unique or superior to others
Politicization
The act of making an issue political or influenced by political considerations.
Pluralism
A system where multiple groups
Minority Rights
Legal protections for groups that differ from the majority in culture
Rights of Nature
Legal recognition of nature as having inherent rights to exist
Sharia Law
A legal system based on Islamic principles and teachings.
