Unit #3 Development & Sustainibility

Question 1

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Answer 1

A set of 17 global goals set by the United Nations to address poverty

Question 2

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Answer 2

Nations that have recently shifted from an agricultural to an industrial economy with rapid economic growth.

Question 3

Extreme Poverty

Answer 3

Living on less than $2.15 per day

Question 4

Relative Poverty

Answer 4

Being poor in relation to the average living standards of a society.

Question 5

Social Security

Answer 5

Government programs that provide financial assistance to individuals during unemployment

Question 6

Multidimensional Poverty

Answer 6

A measure of poverty that considers multiple factors

Question 7

Well-Being

Answer 7

The state of being comfortable

Question 8

Pre-Modern Society

Answer 8

A society based primarily on agriculture

Question 9

Progressive Society

Answer 9

A society that embraces innovation

Question 10

Capitalism

Answer 10

An economic system where private individuals or businesses own and control production for profit.

Question 11

Industrialization

Answer 11

The process by which an economy transforms from primarily agricultural to one based on manufacturing.

Question 12

Agrarian Economy

Answer 12

An economy primarily based on farming and agriculture.

Question 13

Industrial Economy

Answer 13

An economy driven by manufacturing

Question 14

Modernization Theory

Answer 14

A theory suggesting that traditional societies will develop economically and socially by adopting Western practices.

Question 15

Dependency Theory

Answer 15

The idea that wealthy countries exploit poorer ones

Question 16

Rostow’s Stages of Growth

Answer 16

A model describing economic development in five stages from traditional society to mass consumption.

Question 17

Liberal Democracy

Answer 17

A political system with free elections

Question 18

Geological Epoch

Answer 18

A period in Earth’s history defined by significant geological or environmental changes.

Question 19

The Anthropocene

Answer 19

A proposed epoch marked by significant human impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystems.

Question 20

Human Development

Answer 20

The process of improving people’s quality of life through better education

Question 21

Negative Freedoms

Answer 21

Freedom from external restraints or interference by others.

Question 22

Positive Freedoms

Answer 22

The ability to actively pursue one’s goals with access to opportunities and resources.

Question 23

Capability Theory

Answer 23

A framework that focuses on people’s ability to achieve well-being and live the life they value.

Question 24

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Answer 24

The total value of goods and services produced in a country over a specific period.

Question 25

Development Policy

Answer 25

Strategies and actions taken by governments or international organizations to promote economic and social development.

Question 26

Centrality

Answer 26

The importance or influence of a country or actor within a system or network.

Question 27

South-South Cooperation (SSC)

Answer 27

Collaboration between developing countries to share knowledge

Question 28

Debt Trap

Answer 28

A situation where a country becomes unable to repay loans

Question 29

UN Development Programme (UNDP)

Answer 29

A UN agency that supports sustainable development and poverty reduction globally.

Question 30

International Financial Institutions (IMF)

Answer 30

Global organizations

Question 31

Loan Conditionality

Answer 31

Requirements placed on countries as conditions for receiving loans

Question 32

Populism

Answer 32

A political approach that appeals to ordinary people by opposing established elites.

Question 33

Resource Exploitation

Answer 33

The extraction and use of natural resources for economic gain

Question 34

Carbon Tax

Answer 34

A fee imposed on the carbon content of fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 35

Gender Relations

Answer 35

The social roles and interactions between people based on their gender.

Question 36

Greenwashing

Answer 36

Misleading claims by organizations to appear more environmentally friendly than they are.

Question 37

Globalization

Answer 37

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries economically

Question 38

Informal Economy

Answer 38

Economic activities that are not regulated or taxed by the government.

Question 39

Buen Vivir

Answer 39

A philosophy from Indigenous cultures emphasizing living in harmony with community and nature.

Question 40

Neoliberalism

Answer 40

An economic approach promoting free markets

Question 41

Ubuntu

Answer 41

An African philosophy emphasizing community

Question 42

State Capitalism

Answer 42

An economic system where the government plays a dominant role in controlling key industries for profit.

Question 43

Trade War

Answer 43

A conflict where countries impose tariffs or other trade barriers to protect domestic industries.

Question 44

Pluriversality

Answer 44

Recognition of multiple ways of knowing and being in the world

Question 45

Interplay of Factors

Answer 45

The interaction between multiple elements that influence outcomes.

Question 46

Post-Development Theory

Answer 46

A critique of traditional development models

Question 47

Decoloniality

Answer 47

A movement to challenge and undo colonial influences in knowledge