Unit #3 Development & Sustainibility Flashcards
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
A set of 17 global goals set by the United Nations to address poverty
Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
Nations that have recently shifted from an agricultural to an industrial economy with rapid economic growth.
Extreme Poverty
Living on less than $2.15 per day
Relative Poverty
Being poor in relation to the average living standards of a society.
Social Security
Government programs that provide financial assistance to individuals during unemployment
Multidimensional Poverty
A measure of poverty that considers multiple factors
Well-Being
The state of being comfortable
Pre-Modern Society
A society based primarily on agriculture
Progressive Society
A society that embraces innovation
Capitalism
An economic system where private individuals or businesses own and control production for profit.
Industrialization
The process by which an economy transforms from primarily agricultural to one based on manufacturing.
Agrarian Economy
An economy primarily based on farming and agriculture.
Industrial Economy
An economy driven by manufacturing
Modernization Theory
A theory suggesting that traditional societies will develop economically and socially by adopting Western practices.
Dependency Theory
The idea that wealthy countries exploit poorer ones
Rostow’s Stages of Growth
A model describing economic development in five stages from traditional society to mass consumption.
Liberal Democracy
A political system with free elections
Geological Epoch
A period in Earth’s history defined by significant geological or environmental changes.
The Anthropocene
A proposed epoch marked by significant human impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystems.
Human Development
The process of improving people’s quality of life through better education
Negative Freedoms
Freedom from external restraints or interference by others.
Positive Freedoms
The ability to actively pursue one’s goals with access to opportunities and resources.
Capability Theory
A framework that focuses on people’s ability to achieve well-being and live the life they value.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
The total value of goods and services produced in a country over a specific period.
Development Policy
Strategies and actions taken by governments or international organizations to promote economic and social development.
Centrality
The importance or influence of a country or actor within a system or network.
South-South Cooperation (SSC)
Collaboration between developing countries to share knowledge
Debt Trap
A situation where a country becomes unable to repay loans
UN Development Programme (UNDP)
A UN agency that supports sustainable development and poverty reduction globally.
International Financial Institutions (IMF)
Global organizations
Loan Conditionality
Requirements placed on countries as conditions for receiving loans
Populism
A political approach that appeals to ordinary people by opposing established elites.
Resource Exploitation
The extraction and use of natural resources for economic gain
Carbon Tax
A fee imposed on the carbon content of fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Gender Relations
The social roles and interactions between people based on their gender.
Greenwashing
Misleading claims by organizations to appear more environmentally friendly than they are.
Globalization
The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries economically
Informal Economy
Economic activities that are not regulated or taxed by the government.
Buen Vivir
A philosophy from Indigenous cultures emphasizing living in harmony with community and nature.
Neoliberalism
An economic approach promoting free markets
Ubuntu
An African philosophy emphasizing community
State Capitalism
An economic system where the government plays a dominant role in controlling key industries for profit.
Trade War
A conflict where countries impose tariffs or other trade barriers to protect domestic industries.
Pluriversality
Recognition of multiple ways of knowing and being in the world
Interplay of Factors
The interaction between multiple elements that influence outcomes.
Post-Development Theory
A critique of traditional development models
Decoloniality
A movement to challenge and undo colonial influences in knowledge
