Unit 4: Psychological Perspective of Self Flashcards
The scientific study of how humans think, feel, and behave
Psychology
The 4 goals of psychology
- Describe
- Explain
- Predict
- Modify
A theory that deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire and use it
Theory of Cognitive Development
Who pioneered the Theory of Cognitive Development?
Jean Piaget
The 3 basic components of Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
- Schemas
- Adaptation
- Stages of Cognitive Development
The process of getting new information that is already active in our schemas; subjective
Assimilation
The process known as a part of adaptation that involves altering or changing existing schemas as a result of new experiences and information
Accomodation
Stage of Cognitive Development
- Knowledge is through the senses
- Object permanence
Sensorimotor
(0-2)
Stage of Cognitive Development
- Verbal and egocentric thinking
- Conservation of shape, number, liquid not yet possible
Preoperational
(2-5)
Stage of Cognitive Development
- Conservation of shape, number, liquid now possible
- Logic and reasoning
Concrete Operational
(6-11)
Stage of Cognitive Development
- Systematic problem solving
- Ability to think and reflect (metacognition)
- Scientific reasoning
- Abstract reasoning
Formal Operational
(12+)
The ability to realize that objects still exist even when not being sensed
Object Permanence
The belief that inanimate objects are alive
Animistic Thinking
The inability to see things from another person’s perspective
Egocentrism
The ability to recognize that when some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant
Conservation
The 3 levels of mental life
- Conscious Mind
- Preconscious Mind
- Unconscious Mind
Level of Mental Life
- Current thoughts and senses
- Minimal influence in behavior
Conscious Mind
Level of Mental Life
- Thoughts we can bring into consciousness easily
Preconscious Level
Level of Mental Life
- Instincts, wishes, desires that drive behavior
- Focus of psychoanalytic theory
- Repressed experiences
Unconscious Level
A situation in psychosexual stages wherein psychic energy remains invested on one stage, leaving less energy for the next
Fixation
Areas of the body sensitive to pleasant and sensual feelings
Erogenous Zones
Psychosexual Stage
- Sucking, biting, swallowing, feeding
- Mother, caregiver
- Erogenous zone: mouth
Oral Stage
(birth to 1)
The 2 ways of fixation in oral psychosexual stage
- Oral Incorporative
- Oral Aggressive/Sadistic
Psychosexual Stage
- Retention of feces and willful defecation
- Toilet training
- Erogenous zone: bowel and bladder control
Anal Stage
(1-3)
The 2 ways of fixation in anal psychosexual stage
- Anal Expulsion
- Anal Retention
Psychosexual Stage
- Exploring, manipulating genitals
- Personality development
- Phallic personality
- Erogenous zone: genitals
Phallic Stage
(3-6)
Psychosexual Stage
- Safest stage
- Sexual urges dormant
- Libido transformed to acceptable activities
- Friendship with the same sex
Latency Stage
(6 to puberty)
Psychosexual Stage
- Genital personality
- Psychological maturity
Genital Stage
(puberty to death)
Who elaborated on the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the wide developmental changes is observed across the life stages?
Dr. Susan Harter
Harter’s 2 important concepts of self
- Self-esteem
- Self-concept
Harter’s 4 development of self-concept
- early childhood
- middle-later childhood
- adolescence
- emerging adults
The Father of American Psychology who asserted that the self lies at the center of mental life
William James
James’s self that refers to the pure ego, the subjective self aware of its actions
I-Self
A sense of:
- being the agent of behavior
- continuity
- being unique
- being aware
James’s self that refers to the object, the self that can be described based on observation and experience
Me-Self
- Material Self
- Social Self
- Spiritual Self
Who was one of the founders of humanistic approach to psychology and asserted that all behavior is motivated by self-actualizing tendencies and these drive you to reach your potential?
Carl Rogers
A person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and has a basic instinct to succeed at his highest capacity
Actualizing Tendency
Emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds
Humanistic
The 2 needs in Actualizing Tendency
- need for maintenance
- need for enhancement
The 2 subsystems of the self
- Self Concept
- Ideal Self
Who developed a transactional analysis method for understanding behavior?
Eric Berne
Berne’s 2 methods for understaning behaviors
- Every person has 3 parts called ego states in their personality
- People communicate with one another assuming roles of any of these ego states
Ego State
- Behaviors, thoughts, and feelings copied from parents and parent figures
- Nurturing/Controlling
Parent Ego State
Ego State
- Behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are direct responses to the present
- Open/Unyielding
Adult Ego State
Ego State
Behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are replayed from childhood
- Creative/Petulant
Child Ego State
Who (2) asserted that children are adjusted to their parents’ feelings and needs?
- John Bowlby
- Donald Winnicott
Bowlby & Winnicott’s 2 concepts of self
- True Self
- False Self
Bowlby & Winnicott’s concept of the false self referring to one which allows someone to be functional in society and still connected to the true self
Healthy False Self
Bowlby & Winnicott’s concept of the false self referring to one that fits in society through forced compliance rather than a desire to adapt
Unhealthy False Self
