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AP HUG > Unit 4- Political Organization Of Space > Flashcards

Unit 4- Political Organization Of Space Flashcards

0
Q

Antarctica

A

No one owns it

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1
Q

Annexation

A

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

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2
Q

Apartheid

A

the segregation of blacks in South Aftrica from 1948-1994

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3
Q

Balkanization

A

the term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries

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4
Q

Border landscape

A

there are two types: exclusionary, meant for keeping people out, and inclusionary, meant to facilitate trade and movement

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5
Q

Buffer state

A

an independent but small and weak country lying between two powerful countries

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6
Q

Capital

A

principle city in a state or country

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7
Q

Centrifugal

A

forces within a state that divide people

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8
Q

Centripetal

A

forces within a state that unify people

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9
Q

City-state

A

a sovereign state compromising a city and its immediate hinterland

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10
Q

Colonialism

A

attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

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11
Q

Confederation

A

a group of states united for a common purpose

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12
Q

Conference of Berlin (1884)

A

Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country’s colonies

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13
Q

periphery

A

Weakest structural and economic position in the world system

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14
Q

Core

A

processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology: generate more wealth than periphery process in the word economy

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15
Q

Decolonization

A

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

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16
Q

Devolution

A

the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality

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17
Q

Domino theory

A

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

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18
Q

EZZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

A

enerally a state’s EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state

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19
Q

Electoral regions

A

The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.

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20
Q

Enclave/exclave

A

An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country (Lesotho). An exclave is a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (Azerbaijan).

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21
Q

Ethnic conflict

A

type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country

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22
Q

European Union

A

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

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23
Q

Federal

A

any federal law-enforcement officer

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24
Q

Forward capital

A

capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention

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25
Q

Frontier

A

an undeveloped field of study

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26
Q

Geopolitics

A

the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state

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27
Q

Gerrymander

A

an act of gerrymandering (dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage)

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28
Q

Global commons

A

no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life. A global common contains an infinite potential with regard to the understanding and advancement of the biology and society of all life. (Forests, oceans, land mass and cultural identity)

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29
Q

Heartland/rimland

A

Heartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture. Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent

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30
Q

Immigrant states

A

a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA

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31
Q

Boundary Disputes Definitional

A

conflict over the language of the border agreeement in a treaty or boundary contract

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32
Q

Boundary Disputes Locational

A

focus on delimitation or demarcation of boundary

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33
Q

Boundary Disputes Operational

A

arises due to a conflict about the administration of a boundary

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34
Q

Boundary Disputes Allocational

A

focus on baoundaries (especially on the sea floor while in search of resources

35
Q

Boundary Origin Antecedent

A

boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed

36
Q

Boundary Origin Subsequent

A

boundary evolved as the cultural landscape of an area took shape

37
Q

Boundary Origin Superimposed

A

boundary that is forcibly drawn across a unified cultural landscape

38
Q

Boundary Origin Relic

A

A border that has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident of the cultural landscape

39
Q

Boundary Process Definition

A

the beginning point and the end point of a process

40
Q

Boundary Process Delimitation

A

is the term used to describe the drawing of boundaries, but is most often used to describe the drawing of electoral boundaries, specifically those of precincts, states, counties or other municaipalities

41
Q

Boundary Process Demarcation

A

the act of setting and marking limits or boundaries

42
Q

Boundary Type Natural/Physical

A

important physical features on Earth’s surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen, both on a map and on the ground. The three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between states: mountains, deserts, and water

43
Q

Boundary Type Ethnographic/culture, geometric

A

the boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion. Other cultural boundaries are drawn according to geometry; they simply are straight lines drawn on a map, although good reasons alwasy exist for where the lines are located. Boundaries between countries have been where possible to separate speakers of different languages or followers of different religions. A nation-state exists when the boundaries of a state match the boundaries of the territory inhabited by an ethnic group. Problems exist when the boundaries do not match

44
Q

International organization

A

an alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either’s autonomy or self-determination

45
Q

Iron Curtain

A

an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy; a political barrier that isolated the people of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to trabel outside the region

46
Q

Irredentism

A

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

47
Q

Israel/Palestine

A

A religious conflict

48
Q

Landlocked

A

a stae that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes

49
Q

Law of the Sea

A

law establishing states’ rights and responsibilites concerning the ownership and use of the earth’s seas and oceans and their resources

50
Q

Halford J. Mackinder

A

was an English geographer and is considered one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy

51
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

52
Q

Median-line principle

A

statement in UNCLOS declaring that when there is not enough water for each country on o0pposite sides of the sea to have 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone, the two or more countries involved will divide the water evenly

53
Q

Microstate

A

state that encompasses a very small land area

54
Q

Ministate

A

an imprecise term for a territory, extremely small in both area and population

55
Q

Nation

A

tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes

56
Q

National iconography

A

figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secualr; more broadly, the art of representation by picutres or images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning

57
Q

Nation-state

A

a cuntry whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity

58
Q

Nunavut

A

an arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit

59
Q

Raison d’être

A

reason for being; the purpose that justifies a thing’s existence

60
Q

Reapportionment

A

the process of a reallocation of elecctoral seats to deifined territories

61
Q

Regionalism

A

a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas

62
Q

Religious conflict

A

conflicts between religions that has often resulted in bloodshed

63
Q

Reunification

A

the unification of something that was previously divided; used especially of a country

64
Q

Satellite state

A

national state that is economically dependent and poitically and militarily subservient to another–in its orbit, figuratively speaking

65
Q

Self-determination

A

the right of a nation to govern itself autonomously

66
Q

Shatterbelt

A

a large, strategically located region that is occupied by a number of conflicting interests of adjoining Great Powers; a zone of chronic political spilintering and fracturing

67
Q

Sovereignty

A

supreme or independent political power

68
Q

State

A

a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community

69
Q

Stateless ethnic groups

A

ethnic groups that share certain cultural, political, and/or historic qualities, such as religion, location, or art, but do not share enough qualities to be recognized as a nationality/nation and have no state(homeland) that is politically recognized as belonging to them

70
Q

Stateless nation

A

a nation that does not have a state

71
Q

Suffrage

A

the right to vote

72
Q

Supranationalism

A

a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

73
Q

Territorial disputes

A

any dispute over land ownership

74
Q

Territorial morphology compact

A

a country in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

75
Q

Territorial morphology fragmented

A

a country that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

76
Q

Territorial morphology elongated

A

a country with a long, narrow shape

77
Q

Territorial morphology prorupt

A

an otherwise compact country with a large projecting extension

78
Q

Territorial morphology perforated

A

a country that completely surrounds another state

79
Q

Territoriality

A

in political geography a country’s or a more local community’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its desire to keep it inviolable and strongly defended

80
Q

Theocracy

A

a state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of a group of religious leaders

81
Q

Treaty ports

A

a port kept open for foreign trade according to the terms of a treat, especially formerly in China, Korea, and Japan

82
Q

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

A

is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which took place from 1973 through 1982

83
Q

Unitary

A

a state governed constitutionally as a unit, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers

84
Q

USSR collapse

A

the primary causes were political and economic and they were result of the culture of war

85
Q

Women’s enfranchisement

A

the right of women to vote; exercise of the franchise by women

AP HUG (7 decks)

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