Cities And Urban Land Use Terms Flashcards
Central Business District
The downtown heart of the central city, the CBD is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings. Ex: Skyscrapers
Census Tract
Small country subdivisions delineated by the US Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions. Ex: 2,500 to 8,000 persons
Commercialization
The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity. Ex: Ft. Lauderdale
Commuter zone
The outer most zone of the Concentric Zone Model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute in the CBD to work. Ex: Emigrants
Counter-urbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries. Ex: Immigration
Decentralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization’s hierarchy. Ex: Europe
Disamenity sector
The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords. Ex: Slums
Economic base- basic sector/nonbasic sector
A community’s collection of basic industries. Ex: Wealthy
Edge city
A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area. Ex: U.S.
- basic sector those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside of the city itself, earning income for the community
- nonbasic sector those economic activites of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no “export” implication
Emerging cities
a city currently without much population but is increasing in size at a fast rate
Ethnic neighborhood
a neighborhood, typically situated in larger metropolitan cities and constructed by or comprised of local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
Female-headed house
a household dominated by a woman
Gateway city/Entrepôt
a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
Gentrification/Ghettoization
gentrification- trend of mid to high-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architechture and also replacing the low-income population
ghettoization-process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated center of poverty, as rich whites move out to the suburbs
Global cities
centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce
Great cities
cities with populations over one million
Hinterland
the sphere of economic influence of a town or city
Indigenous city
a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a place
In-filling
building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development
Informal sector/economy
economic activities that take place beyond official record, not subject to formalized systems of regulations or remuneration
Infrastructure
the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity
Invasion and succession
process by which new immigrants to a city move to dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups
Lateral commuting
traveling from one suburb to another and going from home to work
Megacities
cities with more than 10 million people
Megalopolis/conurbation
megalopolis- a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)
conurbantion- an agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment
Metropolitan statistical area
area with a city of 50 thousand or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city
Micropolitan statistical area
an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
Multiplier effect
the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity; in urban geography, the expected addiction of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city’s local employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment
Peak land value
the most accessible and costly parcel of land in the CBD and therefore in the enitre urbanized area
Postindustrial city
a city exhibiting the characteristics of a postindustrial society
Primate city
a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country’s larges city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well
Racial steering
the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
Rank-size rule
in a modern urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
Redlining
a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be high risk for housing loans
Restrictive covenants
a statement written into a property deed that restrics the use of land in some way
Segregation
the separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
Site/Situation
site- the physical position in relation to the surroundings
situation- the position determined by non-physical attributes in relation to its surroundings
Squatter settlements
residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
Street patterns
street patterns the way in which streets are designed
grid- streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion
dendritic- characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry
access- provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway
Suburb/Suburbanization
suburb- a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.
suburbanization-movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions
Tenement
a building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood. Ex: 1950’s
Threshold/Range
threshold- in the central place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible
range- in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service
Underemployment
a situation in which people work less than full time even though they would prefer to work more hours
Urban hierarchy
a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic function
Urban morphology
the form and structure of cities, including street patterns and the size and shape of buildings
Urban realm
the spatial componenets of the modern metroplis, where each realm is a separate economic, social, and polititical entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolitian framework
Urbanize population
the proportion of a country’s population living in cities
Zone in transition
an area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD
Zoning
dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc
Bid-rent Theory- Alonso
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
Central Place Theory -Christaller
Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.
Concentric Zone Model- Burgess
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Multiple Nuclei Model- Harris and Ullman
Large cities develop by spreading from several nodes of growth; individual nodes have special functions which expand as the city grows
Sector Model- Hoyt
City develops in a series of sectors determined by environmental factors or chance, with particular activities expanding outward in a wedge-like sector from the center
Urban realm Model- Vance
A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD).
Latin American City Structure- Griffin and Ford
Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.
South East Asian City- McGee
Developed by geographer T.G. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among medium sized cities of Southeast Asia. Its focal point is the old colonial port zone. The model also does not find any CBD in asia, but rather he found elements of the CBD present as separate clusters surrounding the port zone.
Sub-Saharan African City- deBlij
-Outer Circle- do more labor. Poorest people.
-CBD broken into 3 parts.
-Wealthiest are in the middle.
-Traditional- open market
-Colonial- Colonies wouldn’t shop there. Created everything for themselves. ruled by europeans.
Market- Africans built little houses so native americans couldn’t go in until 10. unless they are working
