Industrialization And Development Flashcards
Calorie cunsumption
the total number of calories in a daily diet allocation
Agricultural labor force
A measure of the participating portion of an economy’s labor force
Core-periphery model
A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region
Cultural convergence
The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly use technology and organizational structures in the modern world united by improved transportation and communication
Dependency Theory
theory of international relations holding that major states influence other states though their economic power
Development
The process of growth, expansion, or realization of potential, bringing regional resources into full productive use
Energy Consumption
The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as a raw material input to a manufacturing process
Foreign direct investment
An investment abroad, usually where the company being invested in is controlled by the foreign corporation
Gender
In the cultural sense, a reference to socially created – not biologically based – distinctions between femininity and masculinity
Gross domestic product (GNP)
Profits of a country made internally, and outside investments
Gross national product (GNP)
The total value of goods and services (with some adjustments) including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country during a specified period (usually a year).
Human Development (Index)
the study of how people develop on physical, intellectual and social levels. It probes the different stages of life to better understand how people work
Levels of Development
The study of how countries develop financially
Measures of Development
the process of achieving an optimum level of health and well-being. It includes physical, biological, mental, emotional, social, educational, economic, and cultural components
Neocolonialism
A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed countries are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of less developed countries and peoples
Physical quality of life index
an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country
Purchasing Power Parity
A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country
Rostow, W. W.
Prominent for his role in the shaping of American policy in Southeast Asia during the 1960s, he was a staunch opponent of communism, and was noted for a belief in the efficacy of capitalism and free enterprise.
“Stages of Growth” model: stage 1
The traditional society
- mostly subsistent agriculture
- activities that don’t help with development such as military and religion
Stages of Growth model: Stage 2
Pre-Conditions for take-off: Initial Investment
-limitied few ivest in tech. and infreastructure, transportation, water supply, dams (irregation)
Stages of Growth: stage 3
Take-Off: Initial Success
- Limited # of industries become succeessful and competitive globally. Generally, textiles and food production.
- Remainder of economy is still traditional.
Stage of Growth: Stage 4
Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses
- Technology expands to many other businesses=> rapid growth
- Labor becomes more skilled and educated
Stage of Growth: stage 5
Age of Mass Production: Shift to Consumer good production
-Economy shifts from heavy indusrty in steel, energy to consumer goods (i.e. cars, fridges)
Technology Gap
The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment
Technology transfer
The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society
Third World
designating countries uncommitted to either the “First World” Western capitalist bloc or the Eastern “Second World” communist bloc; subsequently, a term applied to countries considered not fully developed or in a state of underdevelop
World Systems Theory
Immanuel Wallerstein’s theoretical approach which analyzes societies in terms of their position within global systems.
Agglomeration
A snowballing geographical process by which secondary through quinary industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets
Agglomeration economies
The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores
Air pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particules, at a greater level that occurs in average air.
Aluminum industry (factors of production, location)
manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group
Assembly line/Fordism
a form of production characterized by an assembly line (conveyor belt factory system) and standardized outputs linked with the stimulation of demand brought about by low prices, advertising, and credit
Bid rent theory
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
Break-of-bulk point
The point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units prior to delivery, minimizing transport costs.
Canadian industrial heartland
Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important
Comparative advantage
The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists
Cumulative causation
A process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions
Deglomeration
The movement of activity, usually industry, away from areas of concentration
Deindustrialization
Decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise of the service sectors of the industrial economy./The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy
Economic sectors
economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government’s Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy
Economies of scale
Reduction in cost per unit resulting from increased production, realized through operational efficiencies. Economies of scale can be accomplished because as production increases, the cost of producing each additional unit falls
Ecotourism
A form of tourism pursued by many ecologically concerned people, who visit regions having pristine ecosystems and, in the process, to inflict no environmental damage
Energy resources
Renewable (sun, sea, wind) or non-renewable (coal mine, gas well, oil well) resource used for obtaining an energy source.
Entrepôt
Trade in which imported goods are re-exported with or without any additional processing or repackaging.
Export processing zones
Industrial parks designated by a government to provide tax and other incentives to export firms.
Fixed costs
An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant
Footloose industry
descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; and industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation
Four Tigers
the highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
Greenhouse effect
The results from the increased addition of carbon dioxide and certain trace gases to the atmosphere through industrial activity and deforestation causing more of the sun’s heat to be retained, thus warming the climate of the Earth
Growth poles
economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole
Heartland/rimland
A 1904 proposal by Sir Halford John Mackinder that the key to world conquest lay in control of the interior of Eurasia./The belief of Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest
Industrial location theory
the forces leading to the location of industrial activity. One choice might be the least‐cost location.
Industrial Revolution
A series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, which led to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process
Industry (receding, growing)
Come back
Infrastructure
The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities
Least-cost location
A site chosen for industrial development where total costs are theoretically at their lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue
Maquiladora
An assembly plant in Mexico, especially one along the border between the United States and Mexico, to which foreign materials and parts are shipped and from which the finished product is returned to the original market
Market orientation
The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs
Multiplier effect
The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity. In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement. A 1994 agreement reached by the United States, Canada, and Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other hindrances to encourage free trade between the three North American countries
Outsourcing
Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale. Subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities “in house.”
Ozone depletion
Destruction of ozone in the ozone layer attributed to the presence of chlorine from manmade CFCs and other forces. The layer is thinning because ozone is being destroyed at a faster rate than it is being regenerated by natural forces
Special economic zones (China)
Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country. Moreover, these regulations tend to contain measures that are conducive to foreign direct investment
Threshold/range
The population required to make provision of services economically feasible./In economic geography and central place theory, the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service
Time-space compression
as capitalism has developed, the pace of life has become faster and faster. The age-old barriers to action have been broken down so the world ‘sometimes seems to collapse in on us
Topocide
The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed.
Transnational corporation
A corporation reaching beyond or transcending national boundaries
Ubiquitous
existing or being everywhere at the same time, constantly encountered
Variable costs
cost of enterprise operation that varies either by output level or by location of the activity
Weber, Alfred
Alfred was a prominent geographer who spent most of his career at the University of Heidelberg. Weber’s most significant contribution was his aptly titled Theory of Industrial Location, originally published in 1909. He argued that decisions about industrial location are largely driven by attempts to minimize costs
Weight-gaining
product in which weight is added to the raw materials in the manufacturing process
Weight-losing
The opposite of Weight-gaining
World cities
One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant ceners (e.g. New York, London, Tokyo) that together control the global
Acid Rain
rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water
Industrial regions (place)
Based on environmental considerations and the cost effectiveness of the location for the Industry
Industrial regions (fuel source)
a material used to produce heat or power by burning. Important when considering a industry’s location.
Industrial regions (characteristics)
Industrial region or industrial area refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized.
Industry (receding, growing)
The segment of a nations economy that is concerned iwth the production of goods and services. It is important to geography bevause it is one of hte three main types of business, along with agriculture and goods and services.
International division of labor
The cooperation of specialized tasks to produce one product more efficiently It is significant bevause it deals with a type of production used in idustry.
Labor-intensive
The relative proportion of labor used in production compared in capital. It is key in geography bevause it isused to describethe amoutn of wrok to each employee which speaks to the overall efficiency of a business.
Major manufacturing regions
Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia. These regions are hte leaders in inudstry and therefore significant to geography.
Manufacturing exports
Manufacturing Exports The products that are produced and shipped to another country. This is very common as production costs in other countries is often cheaper, which explains why a country would import a product rather than produce it themselves.
Manufacturing/warehouse location
- Industrial Parks: An area of land developed as a site for factories and other industrial businesses.
- Agglomeration: Have secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets.
- Shared Services: Are any services provided on a regional or joint basis between local groups.
- Zoning: Is the area subject to particular planning restrictions.
- Transportation: Cost to and from local markets.
- Taxes: what taxes are imposed on the location of the warehouse?
- Environmental Considerations: How will the manufacturing affect the local environment?
Plant location
Factory is located close to market and supplier to reduce need for stalk items, and supplies, “Just in time” delivery.
Postindustrial
An economy with less emphasis on heavy industry and manufacturing and more emphasis on services and technology.
Refrigeration
Artificial cooling that drastically reduces microbial growth of certain bacteria.
Resource crisis
A crisis in which needed resources are not available to the consumers that need them.
Resource orientation
Tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources.
Specialized economic zones
Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment.
Substitution principle
In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location.
Trade (complementary)
When two regions can specifically meet each others demands
