Industrialization And Development Flashcards

Question

Technology transfer

Answer 1

The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society

Answer 2

designating countries uncommitted to either the "First World" Western capitalist bloc or the Eastern "Second World" communist bloc; subsequently, a term applied to countries considered not fully developed or in a state of underdevelop

Answer 3

Immanuel Wallerstein's theoretical approach which analyzes societies in terms of their position within global systems.

Answer 4

A snowballing geographical process by which secondary through quinary industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets

Answer 5

The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores

Answer 6

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particules, at a greater level that occurs in average air.

Answer 7

manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group

Answer 8

a form of production characterized by an assembly line (conveyor belt factory system) and standardized outputs linked with the stimulation of demand brought about by low prices, advertising, and credit

Answer 9

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Answer 10

The point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units prior to delivery, minimizing transport costs.

Answer 11

Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important

Answer 12

The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists

Answer 13

A process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions

Answer 14

The movement of activity, usually industry, away from areas of concentration

Answer 15

Decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise of the service sectors of the industrial economy./The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy

Answer 16

economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy

Answer 17

Reduction in cost per unit resulting from increased production, realized through operational efficiencies. Economies of scale can be accomplished because as production increases, the cost of producing each additional unit falls

Answer 18

A form of tourism pursued by many ecologically concerned people, who visit regions having pristine ecosystems and, in the process, to inflict no environmental damage

Answer 19

Renewable (sun, sea, wind) or non-renewable (coal mine, gas well, oil well) resource used for obtaining an energy source.

Answer 20

Trade in which imported goods are re-exported with or without any additional processing or repackaging.

Answer 21

Industrial parks designated by a government to provide tax and other incentives to export firms.

Answer 22

An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant

Answer 23

descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; and industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation

Answer 24

the highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

Answer 25

The results from the increased addition of carbon dioxide and certain trace gases to the atmosphere through industrial activity and deforestation causing more of the sun's heat to be retained, thus warming the climate of the Earth

Answer 26

economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole

Answer 27

A 1904 proposal by Sir Halford John Mackinder that the key to world conquest lay in control of the interior of Eurasia./The belief of Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest

Answer 28

the forces leading to the location of industrial activity. One choice might be the least‐cost location.

Answer 29

A series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, which led to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process

Answer 30

The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities

Answer 31

A site chosen for industrial development where total costs are theoretically at their lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue

Answer 32

An assembly plant in Mexico, especially one along the border between the United States and Mexico, to which foreign materials and parts are shipped and from which the finished product is returned to the original market

Answer 33

The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs

Answer 34

The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity. In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment

Answer 35

North American Free Trade Agreement. A 1994 agreement reached by the United States, Canada, and Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other hindrances to encourage free trade between the three North American countries

Answer 36

Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale. Subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities "in house."

Answer 37

Destruction of ozone in the ozone layer attributed to the presence of chlorine from manmade CFCs and other forces. The layer is thinning because ozone is being destroyed at a faster rate than it is being regenerated by natural forces

Answer 38

Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country. Moreover, these regulations tend to contain measures that are conducive to foreign direct investment

Answer 39

The population required to make provision of services economically feasible./In economic geography and central place theory, the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service

Answer 40

as capitalism has developed, the pace of life has become faster and faster. The age-old barriers to action have been broken down so the world 'sometimes seems to collapse in on us

Answer 41

The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed.

Answer 42

A corporation reaching beyond or transcending national boundaries

Answer 43

existing or being everywhere at the same time, constantly encountered

Answer 44

cost of enterprise operation that varies either by output level or by location of the activity

Answer 45

Alfred was a prominent geographer who spent most of his career at the University of Heidelberg. Weber's most significant contribution was his aptly titled Theory of Industrial Location, originally published in 1909. He argued that decisions about industrial location are largely driven by attempts to minimize costs

Answer 46

product in which weight is added to the raw materials in the manufacturing process

Answer 47

The opposite of Weight-gaining

Answer 48

One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant ceners (e.g. New York, London, Tokyo) that together control the global

Answer 49

rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water

Answer 50

Based on environmental considerations and the cost effectiveness of the location for the Industry

Answer 51

a material used to produce heat or power by burning. Important when considering a industry's location.

Answer 52

Industrial region or industrial area refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized.

Answer 53

The segment of a nations economy that is concerned iwth the production of goods and services. It is important to geography bevause it is one of hte three main types of business, along with agriculture and goods and services.

Answer 54

The cooperation of specialized tasks to produce one product more efficiently It is significant bevause it deals with a type of production used in idustry.

Answer 55

The relative proportion of labor used in production compared in capital. It is key in geography bevause it isused to describethe amoutn of wrok to each employee which speaks to the overall efficiency of a business.

Answer 56

Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia. These regions are hte leaders in inudstry and therefore significant to geography.

Answer 57

Manufacturing Exports The products that are produced and shipped to another country. This is very common as production costs in other countries is often cheaper, which explains why a country would import a product rather than produce it themselves.

Answer 58

- Industrial Parks: An area of land developed as a site for factories and other industrial businesses. - Agglomeration: Have secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets. - Shared Services: Are any services provided on a regional or joint basis between local groups. - Zoning: Is the area subject to particular planning restrictions. - Transportation: Cost to and from local markets. - Taxes: what taxes are imposed on the location of the warehouse? - Environmental Considerations: How will the manufacturing affect the local environment?

Answer 59

Factory is located close to market and supplier to reduce need for stalk items, and supplies, "Just in time" delivery.

Answer 60

An economy with less emphasis on heavy industry and manufacturing and more emphasis on services and technology.

Answer 61

Artificial cooling that drastically reduces microbial growth of certain bacteria.

Answer 62

A crisis in which needed resources are not available to the consumers that need them.

Answer 63

Tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources.

Answer 64

Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment.

Answer 65

In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location.

Answer 66

When two regions can specifically meet each others demands