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NURS 2228 - Microbiology > Unit 4 - Part 8 Fungi > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Part 8 Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What two thing promote fungal growth?

A
  1. Darkness

2. Moisture

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2
Q

Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

True or False:

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and nuclear envelope, while prokaryotes do not

A

True

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4
Q

What are the two forms that fungi can exist in?

A
  1. Yeast = single celled

2. Mold = multicellular

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5
Q

Since molds are multicellular, how do to they grow (2)?

A

Multicellular filaments

OR Hyphae

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6
Q

Define dimorphic fungi

A

Considered TRUE pathogens

- can alternate between yeasts and molds (single celled or multicelled)

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7
Q

What is an example of a Dimorphic fungi

A

Histoplasma

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8
Q

What can histoplasma cause?

A

A systemic disease

- histoplasmosis

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9
Q

Where does Histoplasma grow?

A

Grows as a mold in soil

Grows as a yeast in animals and human hosts

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10
Q

True or False:

Opportunistic fungi have high virulence

A

False

- they have low virulence

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11
Q

Define medical mycology

A

The study of fungi that cause human disease

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12
Q

What is the classification of fungal disease (mycoses) based on (2)?

A
  1. Level of tissue involvement

2. Mechanism by which fungi enter the body

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13
Q

What are two sources of fungi?

A
  1. Endogenous (from hosts themselves)

2. Exogenous

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14
Q

What layer of the skin does superficial mycoses infect?

A

Infect the outermost layer of the skin and hair

- do NOT invade living tissue

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15
Q

What is an example of a superficial mycoses that infects the hair follicles (folliculitis) on the scalp and eyebrows?

A

Tinea capitis

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16
Q

What are the s/s of Tinea Capitis?

A

Itching, redness, crusted lesions and scaly scalp

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17
Q

What is another name for cutaneous mycoses?

A

Dermatophytoses

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18
Q

What do cutaneous mycoses infect?

A

Fungi colonize and infect skin, hair and nails

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19
Q

What is the difference between superficial mycoses and cutaneous mycoses?

A

Cutaneous have greater invasive properties than those causing superficial mycoses

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20
Q

What are the s/s of cutaneous mycoses?

A

Itchy, red round or oval lesions/rash

- may peel off the edges and the center will fade in color

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21
Q

What is an example of a cutaneous mycoses?

A

Ringworm

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22
Q

How do fungi survive in the subcutaneous tissue layers?

A

By producing proteolytic enzymes and maintaining a facultative microaerophilic environment

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23
Q

What do proteolytic enzymes break down?

A

Protein

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24
Q

What is a characteristic sign of a subcutaneous mycosal infection?

A

Numerous nodules, abscesses and ulcerative lesions that develop along the lymphatics that drain the primary site of inoculation

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25
Q

What is the main reservoir of subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Soil and decaying vegetation

26
Q

What is the main reservoir of cutaneous mycoses?

A

Humans, soil and animals

27
Q

What is the mode of transmission for subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Indirect transmission

- punctures by splinters and thorns that are contaminated

28
Q

Define systemic mycoses

A

Disseminated fungal infections of deep tissues and/or organs

29
Q

What is the most serious and potentially life-threatening type of mycoses for the elderly and immunocompromised?

A

Systemic mycoses

30
Q

What do systemic mycoses often being as?

A

Respiratory tract infections

31
Q

What is the main reservoir of systemic mycoses?

A

Soil

- birds and bat’s droppings increase nitrogen levels in soil that promote growth of these fungi

32
Q

What is the mode of transmission for systemic mycoses?

A

Airborne

33
Q

What type of fungal infection does Blastomycosis cause?

A

Systemic

34
Q

What are the s/s of blastomycosis?

A
  • flu-like symptoms

varying degree of severity

35
Q

What systems/parts of the body are affected when a person is infected with Blastomycosis (5)?

A
  • lungs
  • skin
  • bones
  • joints
  • CNS
36
Q

Does blastomycosis have a generally long or short incubation period?

A

Long

37
Q

What is an example of an opportunistic mycosal infection?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia

38
Q

What are the s/s of pneumocystis pneumonia?

A
  • fever
  • mild/dry cough
  • SOB
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • chest pain
39
Q

What is one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections seen in the immunocompromised (especially AIDS patients)

A

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

40
Q

What was pneumocystis pneumonia originally thought to be, before they discovered it was a fungus?

A

A protozoa

41
Q

What is an example of an opportunistic mycosal infection of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and genital tract?

A

Candidiasis (Thrush)

42
Q

What is the mode of transmission for candidiasis (thrush) infections?

A

Self-infection

- usually when the patient is immunocompromised in some way

43
Q

What is the treatment for Candidiasis?

A

Anti-fungal drugs

  • Nystatin mouthwash
  • Miconazole cream (vaginal thrush)
44
Q

What are the risk factors for Candidiasis (thrush)?

A
  • high estrogen levels (before period or around menopause, pregnancy, and oral contraceptive)
  • low progesterone levels
  • less competition from mutualistic microbiota (broad-spectrum antibiotics/chemo)
  • diabetes
45
Q

Describe the vaginal discharge of candidiasis

A

“Cottage cheese”

- thick, clumpy, white

46
Q

Describe the vaginal discharge of bacterial vaginitis

A

Thin, milky, “fishy” smelling

47
Q

Describe the vaginal discharge of trichomoniasis

A

Frothy, gray, (or yellow/green), foul odor

48
Q

What is an example of an opportunistic mycosal infection of the lungs, meninges, and/or skin?

A

Cryptococcosis

49
Q

What is the main reservoir for cryptococcosis?

A

Environment (trees, decaying wood, soils and bird droppings)

50
Q

What is the mode of transmission for cryptococcosis?

A

Airborne/aerosols (inhalation of fungal spores)

51
Q

What are the s/s of cryptococcosis?

A
  • prolonged cough
  • SOB
  • headached
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • weight loss
  • pneumonia and/or meningitis
52
Q

Define nosocomial mycoses

A

Outbreaks of mycoses in health care settings

- airborne and contruction-related

53
Q

What demographic of patients is extremely susceptible to nosocomial mycoses?

A

Patient with underlying medical conditions

cancer, leukemia, transplant, COPD

54
Q

What is the most common nosocomial mycosal infection?

A

Aspergillus

- aka black mold

55
Q

Define mycotoxicoses

A

Fungal diseases caused by ingestion of fungal toxins

56
Q

What can long-term exposure to mycotoxin lead to?

A

Damage to the liver, kidneys, lungs, and cancer

57
Q

Define hypersensitivity to fungi

A

Allergic reactions to fungi, their spores and metabolites

58
Q

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity to fungi?

A

Symptoms similar to hay fever and food allergy

59
Q

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity to fungi?

A

Ex: Woodworker’s lung

- extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to repeated exposure to Alternaria and Penicillium in wood pulp and dust

60
Q

What are the risk factors for allergies to fungi?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • excess humidity, tightly seal and insulated homes, building leaks, lack of maintenance of humidifies
  • occupational hazard
61
Q

True or False:

Fungal spores are less resistant than bacterial spores

A

True

- remember: bacterial spores are for survival in hostile environments, not for reproduction

62
Q

True or False:

Fungal spores are “dispersal units” - they can be spread in the environment and to susceptible hosts

A

True

NURS 2228 - Microbiology (9 decks)

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