Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 2228 - Microbiology > Unit 4 - Part 5 > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Part 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define virology

A

Study of viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the differences between viruses and bacteria (3)?

A

Viruses are:

  1. acellular infectious agents
  2. unable to metabolize, generate energy and multiply independently
  3. obligate intracellular parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or False:

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasite

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define obligate intracellular parasite

A

Must enter a suitable host cell in order to propagate

- viruses are inert outside the host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False:

Viruses are much smaller than other microbes

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the typically range in size of a virus that is pathogenic to humans?

A

20 - 300 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two things that every virus has?

A
  1. Capsid

2. Viral genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It is possible that a viral genome is made up of RNA and DNA?

A

No

  • it can only be RNA OR DNA
  • not both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some EXTRA structural components that SOME viruses have (3)?

A
  1. Replication enzymes
  2. Envelope
  3. Glycoprotein spikes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the ways that viruses are classified?

A
  1. (Genome) Nucleic acid type
  2. Presence or absence of an envelope
  3. Capsid symmetry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the viral capsid (2)?

A
  1. Encloses
  2. Protects
    - the viral genome and replication enzymes from degradation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the viral capsid made up of?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the protein subunits of the viral capside called?

A

Capsomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to capsomer assemeble to form the capsid during viral replication?

A

Spontaneously self-assemble

wow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two patterns that capsids form in animal/human viruses?

A
  1. Helical

2. Icosahdral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does it mean to say that a virus shows symmetry?

A

If the capsid is cut in half, the two halves will be identicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two ways that viruses fit together?

A
  1. Spiral

2. Helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kind of virus shape often appears to have a rod-shaped structure under the electron microscope?

A

Helical viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some example of viruses that are helical in nature and appear as rod-shaped under the electron microscope (3)?

A
  1. Measles
  2. Mumps
  3. Influenza
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define icosahedral

A

20 sided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

For a virus that is icosahedral - what is each side made up of?

A

An equilateral trigangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are three examples of icosaheral viruses?

A
  1. Herpes
  2. HIV
  3. HPV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What allows a naked virus to attach to host cell receptors?

A

The capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the components of the nucleocapsid?

A

The viral genome packed inside the capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does it mean if a virus is a naked nucleocapsid virus?

A

It doesn’t have an envelope

26
Q

What is the viral envelope made up of (2)?

A

Viral proteins (1) and host cell (membrane) phospholipids (2) that encloses the nucleocapsid

27
Q

What contains surface projections called spikes?

A

Viral envelope

28
Q

What is the function role of glycoprotein spikes on the viral envelope (2)?

A
  1. Allows attachment to specific host cell surface receptors

2. Facilitates the release of newly created mature viruses from infected cells

29
Q

True or False:

Enveloped viruses are more susceptible than naked viruses to chemical biocides (such as alcohol)

A

True

30
Q

What could be a means to render a virus that has a viral envelope inactive?

A

Destruction of the envelope and it’s glycoprotein spikes that are required to cause infection

31
Q

Describe the hierarchy for organisms that are most resistant to least resistant

A
  1. Prions
  2. Bacterial spores
  3. Protozoal Oocysts
  4. Mycobacteria
  5. NON-ENVELOPED VIRUSES (small)
  6. Protozoal cysts
  7. Fungal spores
  8. Gram (-) bacteria
  9. Fungi and algae
  10. NON-ENVELOPED VIRUSES (large)
  11. Gram (+) bacteria
  12. ENVELOPED VIRUSES
32
Q

What are the spikes on the HIV virus?

A
  1. GP 120
  2. GP 41
    - together known as GP 160
33
Q

What does GP stand for?

A

Glycoprotein

34
Q

What does the number behind GP represent?

A

The molecular weight/size of the glycoprotein

35
Q

What does the HIV GP 120 bind to in humans?

A

CD4 receptor on T helper lymphocytes

36
Q

What are the two kinds of spikes that are found with the influenza virus?

A
  1. Hemaggluntinin (H or HA) spikes

2. Neuraminidase (N or NA) spikes

37
Q

Which influenza spikes attach to receptor sialic acid on cells in the respiratory tract?

A

Hemaggluntinin spikes (H or HA)

38
Q

Which influenza spikes cleave and release the viral progeny from the infected cell to promote spreading to uninfected surrounding cells?

A

Neuraminidase spikes (N or NA)

39
Q

What type of influenza is classified into subtypes according to H and N spikes?

A

Influenza type A

40
Q

What does the different H spikes on the influenza virus determine?

A

Host specificity and range

41
Q

What are the H subtypes that are most common causes of the human flu?

A

H1
H2
H3

42
Q

True or False:

It is possible to have an influenza that is able to cross kingdoms

A

False

- is NOT transmissible between plant-animal or animal-plant

43
Q

True of False:

It is possible to have an influenza that is able to cross species

A

True!

  • bird flu (avian-human
  • swine flu (pig-human)
44
Q

In H1N1 (human swine) flu, where did the H1 spikes bind to?

A

Cells in the human upper respiratory tract

- more efficient transmission

45
Q

In the H5N1 (avian) flu, where did the H5 spikes bind to?

A

Cell in human LUNGS

  • not very effective in binding to cells in the upper respiratory tract
  • Therefore, LIMITED human to human transmission
46
Q

What are two examples of replication enzymes that some viruses carry with them?

A
  1. Reverse transcriptase

2. Protease

47
Q

True or False:

A virus contains either DNA or RNA as its genetic blueprint

A

True

  • they are either DNA viruses OR RNA viruses
  • not a combination of both…
48
Q

How are the viral DNA/RNA genomes structured (2)?

A
  1. Single-stranded
  2. Double-stranded
    (ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, or dsRNA)
49
Q

What influences the virus’ ability to multiply in the host cells (2)?

A
  1. The type of genome (DNA or RNA)

2. Polarity (in ssDNA and ssRNA)

50
Q

True or False:

RNA viruses are only enveloped viruses - there are not any naked RNA viruses

A

False!

- RNA viruses can be either enveloped OR non-enveloped

51
Q

True of False:

RNA viruses can be either single or double stranded

A

True

- in both categories (enveloped and non-enveloped)

52
Q

True or False:

DNA viruses can be either enveloped or non-enveloped

A

True

53
Q

True or False:

DNA viruses, if enveloped, only come in single strands

A

FALSE

- they ONLY come in DOUBLE strands

54
Q

True or False:

DNA viruses, if non-enveloped, come in single or double strands

A

True

55
Q

What is the clinical significance of the virus-host range and specificity?

A

It determines the communicability and virulence of the virus

56
Q

True or False:

An immune response to a virus may result in production of antibodies against specific viral structures

A

True

57
Q

True or False:

The presence of antibodies for a virus, indicate immunity against the virus

A

FALSE

  • could help eradicate the virus
  • could help protect against future infection
  • HOWEVER, presence of antibodies does not mean that you are protected against it
58
Q

What does a subunit viral vaccine contain?

A

Contains just the viral structure required to infect cells

- does not contain the live virus

59
Q

What are some examples of viral vaccines that use subunits?

A
  • HPV
  • Hepatitis B
  • Influenza vaccines
60
Q

How do antiviral drugs work?

A

By inhibiting their enzymes

- interfere with viral replication

NURS 2228 - Microbiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions