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NURS 2228 - Microbiology > Textbook material > Flashcards

Textbook material Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean that microbes are ubiquitous?

A

They are found in all natural habitats and most of those that have been created by humans

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2
Q

What is microbiology?

A

A specialized area of biology

- deals with microscopic organisms

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3
Q

What are the major groups of microorganisms included in microbiology?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Algae
  6. Helminths
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4
Q

What defines prokaryotes?

A

Genetic material is not bound by membranes

  • lack nucleus and organelles
  • still contain genetic material
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5
Q

What defines eukaryotes?

A

Contain a “true” nucleus

- membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

What is bacteriology?

A

Study of bacteria

- small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms

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7
Q

What is mycology?

A

Study of fungi

- group of eukaryotes that includes both microscopic eukaryotes (molds and yeasts) and larger organisms (mushrooms)

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8
Q

What is protozoology?

A

Study of protozoa

- animal-like, mostly single-celled eukaryotes

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9
Q

What is virology?

A

Study of viruses

- minute, noncellular particles that parasitize cells

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10
Q

What is phycology (algology)?

A

Simple photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae)

- ranging from single celled to large seaweeds

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11
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

A newer area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals
- purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms

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12
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

Powerful technique for designing new organisms

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13
Q

Where does a parasite live? Where does it get it’s sustenance?

A

Lives in or on the body of a larger organism and derives its sustenance from the host

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14
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Deduction of facts that can account for what has been seen

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15
Q

What is a theory?

A

A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event
- an entire body of ideas that expresses or explain many aspects of a phenomenon

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16
Q

When does a theory become a law?

A

When the evidence of the accuracy and predictability of a theory is so compelling - it becomes law

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17
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

Completely free of all life forms including spores and viruses

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18
Q

What did Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes demonstrate?

A

Mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than did mothers that gave birth in the hospital

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19
Q

What did Dr. Ignaz Semmelwels show?

A

Women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room

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20
Q

What did the surgeon Joseph Lister introduce?

A

Aseptic techniques

- aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections

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21
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things

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22
Q

Who invented taxonomy?

A

Carl Von Linne

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23
Q

What is classification?

A

An orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history

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24
Q

What is identification?

A

Process of determining and recording the traits of organisms in order to trace their exact identity and placement in taxonomy

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25
Q

What is a hierarchy?

A

How the main taxa (or groups) in a classification scheme are organized

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26
Q

What is a domain?

A

A giant, all-inclusive category based on a unique cell type

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27
Q

What is the order of taxa, in descending order?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum (or division)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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28
Q

What is the scientific name (specific epithet)

A

Combination of the generic (genus) name followed by the species name

  • always italicized
  • Generic part of the scientific name is capitalized, and the species part begins with a lowercase letter
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29
Q

What are the four distinct phases of infection and disease?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Period of invasion
  4. Convalescent period
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30
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

Time from initial contact with the infectious agent (at the portal of entry) to the appearance of the first symptoms

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31
Q

What do the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear as?

A

Vague feelings of discomfort (head and muscle aches, fatigue, malaise)

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32
Q

What occurs during the prodromal stage?

A

Earliest notable symptoms

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33
Q

What happens during the period of invasion?

A

The infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity, and becomes well established in its target tissues

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34
Q

What happens during the convalescent period?

A

Patient responds to the infection, symptoms decline

- or if the patient dies, the infection is considered terminal

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35
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

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36
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

When an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream

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37
Q

What is a focal infection?

A

Exists when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is seeded or disseminated into other tissues

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38
Q

What is a mixed infection?

A

When an infection is not caused by a single microbe

- several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

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39
Q

What is it called when an initial (primary) infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe, what is it called?

A

Secondary infection

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40
Q

What are acute infections?

A

Infections that come on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

41
Q

What are chronic infections?

A

Infections that progress and persist over a long period of time

42
Q

What is a sign?

A

Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer

43
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Subjective evidence of disease as sense by the patient

44
Q

What are more precise, signs or symptoms?

A

Signs!

45
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

When a disease can be identified or described by a defined collection of signs and symptoms

46
Q

What is the name of the process that results from the activation of the body defenses, that shows the earliest symptoms of the disease?

A

Inflammation

47
Q

What are some signs of inflammation?

A
  • Edema (accumulation of fluid)
  • Granulomas
  • Abscesses
  • Lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes)
48
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increase in the level of WBCs

49
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Decrease in the level of WBCs

50
Q

What is septicemia?

A

Blood infection

- microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

51
Q

What is bacteremia or viremia?

A

Small numbers of bacteria or viruses in the blood

- means they are present, but not necessarily multiplying

52
Q

Define asymptomatic or subclinical.

A

Patient experiences no noticeable symptoms, even though the microbe is active in the host tissue

53
Q

What is the portal of exit?

A

How pathogens depart by a specific avenue

54
Q

What are some examples of how pathogens escape from the lower or upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Talking/laughing
  • Mucus
  • Sputum
  • Nasal drainage
  • Other moist secretions
55
Q

What are some examples of portals of exits in epithelial cells?

A

Skin lesions and their exudates (warts, funcal infections, boilds, herpes, smallpox, syphilis)

56
Q

What causes the increase in motility (speeding up peristalsis), which results in diarrhea?

A

Intestinal pathogens that grow in the intestinal mucosa and create inflammation

57
Q

How can blood be a portal of exit?

A

When it is removed or released through a vascular puncture made by natural or artificial means

58
Q

What is persistence or latency of microbes?

A

When the infectious agent retreats into the host

  • the initial symptoms are gone
  • not necessarily the disease
59
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of frequency and distribution of disease in defined populations

60
Q

What is a vector?

A

A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

61
Q

What are some examples of vectors?

A

Fleas, mosquitoes, flies, ticks, birds

62
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

Actively participates in a pathogen’s lifecycle

- serves as a site in which it multiplies or completes its life cycle

63
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it w/out being infected

64
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

65
Q

What are normal resident microbiota?

A

Microbes that engages in mutual or commensal associations with humans

66
Q

What results after a microbe has penetrated a host’s defenses, invades sterile tissues, and multiplied?

A

Infection!

67
Q

What is the name for a microbe that is considered an infectious agent?

A

Pathogen

68
Q

What is disease defined as?

A

Any deviation from heath

69
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

An organism’s potential to cause infection or disease

- used to divide pathogenic microbes into one or two general groups

70
Q

What are true pathogens?

A

Primary pathogens that are capable of causing disease in health persons with normal immune defenses

71
Q

When do opportunistic pathogens cause disease?

A

When the host’s defenses are compromised

- or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them

72
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity

- virulence of a microbe is determined by its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage

73
Q

Define portal of entry.

A

How a microbe enters the tissues of the body

- usually a cutaneous or membranous boundary

74
Q

What is a very common portal of entry?

A

The Skin!

- nicks, abrasions, and punctures

75
Q

What is the portal of entry for pathogens that are contained in food, drink, and other ingested substances?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

76
Q

What are the portals of entry to the respiratory tract?

A

Oral and nasal cavities

77
Q

What is the portal of entry for pathogens that are contracted by sexual means?

A

Urogenital tract

78
Q

Where did the name Venereal disease, come from?

A

Victorian attitude that sex lead to diseases, from Venus (goddess of Love)

79
Q

What is the exchange organ between mother and fetus?

A

The placenta

80
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A
  • separates the blood of the mother from that of the fetus

- permits diffusion of dissolved nutrients and gases to the fetus

81
Q

What is the infectious dose (ID)?

A

When the minimum number of microbes are present to cause infection

82
Q

What is adhesion?

A

A process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry

83
Q

What is adhesion dependent on?

A

On the binding between specific molecules on both the host and pathogen
- a particular pathogen is limited to only those cells (and organisms) to which it can bind

84
Q

What is a microbe’s virulence factor?

A

Properties that improve their invasiveness

- capacity to evade host defenses and enter deeper tissues

85
Q

When a microbe encounters resistance from the host, where does the initial response come from?

A

Phagocytes
(white blood cells)
- these cells engulf pathogens and destroy them by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals

86
Q

What secretes exo-enzymes and and what do they do?

A

Pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms secrete it

- disrupts the structure of tissues

87
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that have poisonous effects on other organisms

88
Q

What is toxigenicity?

A

The power/ability to produce toxins

89
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

A toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissues

90
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A toxin that is not secreted but only released when the cell ruptures (is damaged or lysed)

91
Q

What do hemolysins target?

A 
Disrupts the cell membrane of RBCs
- are a class of bacterial exotoxin
92
Q

True or False:

There are many kinds of exotoxins and only one kind of endotoxin

A

True!

93
Q

What is Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

Endotoxin

- part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell envelopes

94
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates

  • human or animal carrier
  • could be water, plants, or soil
95
Q

What is a carrier?

A

An individual who INCONSPICUOUSLY shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice

96
Q

When is a disease considered communicable?

A

When an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host

97
Q

What does it mean when a disease is transferred horizontally?

A

Disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another

98
Q

What does it mean when a disease is transferred vertically?

A

Transmission is from parent to offspring

- via the ovum, sperm, placenta, or milk

NURS 2228 - Microbiology (9 decks)

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