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Microbiology Final > Unit 4 Part 5 Viruses: Basic Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Unit 4 Part 5 Viruses: Basic Structures and Functions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is virology

A

the study of viruses

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2
Q

unlike other microganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) viruses are

A

acellular infectious agents

obligate intracellular parasites

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3
Q

are viruses able to metabolize, generate energy, and multiply independently

A

no

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4
Q

what is meant by the term obligate intracellular paraistes

A

they must enter a suitable host in order to propogate

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5
Q

outside of a host cell viruses are

A

inert

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6
Q

true or false: viruses are bigger than microbes

A

false

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7
Q

what unit are viruses measured in

A

nanometers

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8
Q

what is the size range of viruses pathogenic to humans

A

20 - 300nm

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9
Q

what are two characteristics of structure every virus has

A

a capsid

viral genome: RNA or DNA (not both)

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10
Q

some viruses have extra structural components such as

A

replication enzymes
envelope
glycoprotein spikes

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11
Q

what 3 ways are viruses classified

A
  1. based on their (genome) nucleic acid types
  2. the presence or absence of an envelope
  3. capsid symmetry
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12
Q

what is viral capsid and what is its purpose

A

a protein coat enclosing and protecting the viral genome and replication enzymes from degradation

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13
Q

what is a viral capsid made up of

A

individual and identical protein subunits called capsomers

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14
Q

what can capsomers do during viral replication

A

spontaneously self-assemble into the capsid

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15
Q

capsomers can be assembled and arranged into precise patterns in the capsid to form two final shapes. what are they

A
  1. helical (symmetry)

2. icosahedral

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16
Q

in helical viruses if you were to cut the capsid into two what would you find

A

the two halves are identical to each other

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17
Q

helical viruses capsomers fit together as either a _____ or _____

A

spiral or helix

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18
Q

how do helical viruses often appear under an electron microscope

A

as rod-shaped

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19
Q

what are 3 examples of helical viruses

A

measles
mumps
influenza

20
Q

how many sides does a icosahedral virus have

A

20 sided

21
Q

what does each side of a icosahedral consist of regarding capsomers

A

21 identical capsomers arranged in the shape of a equilateral triangle

22
Q

capsids of icosahedral viruses may allow what to attach to the host cell receptors

A

naked viruses

23
Q

where is the viral genome packaged in icosahedral viruses

A

inside the capsid

24
Q

the viral genome inside the capsid or a icosahedral virus is known as what

A

nucleocapsid

25
Q

what is the viral envelope made of

A

proteins and host cell membrane (phospholipids) that enclose the nucleocapsid

26
Q

is the viral envelope found in all viruses

A

no, only some

27
Q

what can the viral envelope have on it

A

surface projections called glycoprotein spikes

28
Q

what do glycoprotein spikes on a viral envelope allow for

A

attachment to specific host cell surface receptors

facilitate the release of newly created mature viruses from infected cells

29
Q

enveloped viruses are more susceptible to what then naked viruses

A

chemical biosides such as alcohol

30
Q

what is a notable virus with a viral envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes

A

HIV

31
Q

in the HIV virus what does the glycoprotein spike do

A

gp120 binds to CD3 receptor on T helper lymphocytes in humans

32
Q

How many types of glycoprotein spikes does influenza virus have

A

2
hemaglutinin (aka H or HA spikes)
Neuraminidase spikes (N or NA)

33
Q

what is the role of the hemagglutinin (aka H or HA) spikes in the influenza virus

A

spikes attach to the receptor sialic acid on cells in the respiratory tract

34
Q

what is the role of the neuraminidase (N or NA) spikes in the influenza virus

A

cleave and release the viral progeny from the infected cell to promote spreading

35
Q

how many types of influenza virus are there

A

2 Type A and type B

36
Q

Type A influenze can be classified into subtypes based on what

A

according to the H and N spikes

37
Q

how many strains does the 2016-2017 vaccine contain

A

3

38
Q

different H spikes on the influenza virus determine what

A

host specificity and range

39
Q

what subtypes are the most common caues of human flu

A

H1, H2 & H3

40
Q

whats the difference between the swine flu and the avian flu regarding receptors

A

swine flu: H1 receptors bind to cells in the upper respiratory tract
avian flu: H5 tends to bind to cells in the human lungs

41
Q

what has limited transmission between humans between swine flu and avian flu

A

swine flu is more contagious because they latch in the upper respiratory tract

42
Q

true or false: some viruses carry replication enzymes with them

A

true

43
Q

what is an example of a virus that carries replication enzymes

A

HIV

carries: reverse transcriptase and protease (targeted by antiviral drugs)

44
Q

can viruses contain both DNA and RNA

A

no, one or the other

45
Q

true or false the virus genome is single stranded

A

false, viral genome can either be single stranded or double stranded
i.e. ssDNA, ssRNA, dsDNA or dsRNA

46
Q

the type of DNA or RNA and its polarity of the viral genome can influence what

A

how they multiply in the host cell

47
Q

what does the coronavirus cause

A

sars and the common cold

Microbiology Final (6 decks)

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