Unit 4: Outcome 1 SAC 1A Flashcards
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
Value of country’s total annual income, expressed in US dollars, and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the country’s citizens
Advantages of GNI
A useful and easily comparable indicator that does reflect other non-financial development measures such as life expectancy and education
Disadvantages of GNI
Doesn’t reflect inequality in income distribution
Low-income range
US $1025 or less per capita
Middle-income range
US $1026 to $12475 per capita
High-income range
US $12476
Different type of characteristics
Economic
Environmental
Social
Economic characteristics
Level of debt Income Trade opportunities Poverty Welfare support Industry
Environmental characteristics
Infrastructure Access to clean water Access to improved sanitation Access to food Agricultural productivity Energy use Resource use Emissions
Social characteristics
Social support Employment Birth rates Education levels Healthcare system Access to technology Legal and political systems Living systems Social justice
Low-income countries characteristics
Lack of social support Low levels of education attainment High population growth Poor access to improved sanitation Lower agricultural productivity Lower levels of food security Poor access to healthcare Less infrastructure
Middle-income countries characteristics
The large variation in income results in varied characteristics, the lower income have more characteristics like low income countries and higher middle income countries resemble the high income countries characteristics
High-income countries characteristics
Availability of social support services Higher levels of educational attainment Lower population growth Access to improved sanitation Higher agricultural productivity Improved food security Access to healthcare Improved infrastructure
Low income countries
Afghanistan Chad Mozambique Nepal Sierra Leone Zimbabwe
Middle income countries
Bangledesh Cambodia Argentina Malaysia Turkey Vanuatu
High income countries
Australia Canada Japan New Zealand Singapore US
Life expectancy across the income levels
Higher income experience better health status and have the highest life expectancy due to better access to health resources due to the strong economy it can provide
Infant mortality rates across the income levels
High income levels have very low infant mortality due to good neonatal and postnatal care and proper sanitation
Under 5 mortality rates across the income levels
High income have low levels of U5MR due to vaccinations and good nutrition
Maternal mortality
High income have low levels of maternal mortality due to good access to neonatal and antenatal services and having trained attendants such as midwifes at the births
Double burden of disease
Low income countries are experiencing a high rate of death from communicable diseases but also from non communicable diseases
Leading causes of death
In high income non communicable diseases are the leading cause of death and in low income countries it is communicable infectious diseases
4 main types of non communicable diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Chronic respiratory diseases
Cancers
Diabetes
Factors contributing to similarities and differences in health status
Access to safe water Sanitation Poverty Inequality and discrimination Global marketing
What’s the issue with water?
Women and children spend hours collecting it
Needed for consumption, cooking and agriculture
Increases the risk of using contaminated water sources
Impact of water on health and wellbeing
P - increases infectious diseases
- causes dehydration and malnutrition
- collecting water causes exhaustion and injury
M - cause stress and anxiety for women
S - the time spent collecting water impacts on social interactions, it also prevents children going to school
E - causes negative feelings of anxiety and stress
S - feelings of hopelessness can lead to people losing their sense of purpose in life
Impact of water on health status and burden of disease
Contaminated water increases infant and under 5 mortality due to the increased infectious diseases
Lower life expectancy due to water-borne diseases
Higher prevalence of infectious diseases
Sanitation
The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.
Safe water
Refers to water that is not contaminated with diseases or chemicals
What’s the issue with sanitation?
The spread of infectious diseases
Reduces life expectancy, increase infant mortality and U 5 Mortality.
Over urbanisation, systems cannot cope.
Slums and makeshift dwellings, overcrowding.
In schools where there are no toilets allocated to girls, they will not attend school.
Impact of sanitation on health and wellbeing
P - Increase water borne disease risk
Dehydration and Malnutrition
Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities.
M - Increased stress/anxiety levels especially for women and girls.
S - Girls may be excluded and not attend school.
Public defecation may cause social anxiety for women and girls
E - People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfair
However when latrines are built in communities and provided for girls it can mean that girls will attend school.
S - They may be more confident in their day to day life therefore they can focus on their purpose in life
Impact of sanitation on burden of disease and health status
Increases infant mortality rates from communicable diseases.
Increases risk of spread of disease such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, malaria and hookworm.
Lowers life expectancy.
Increases U 5 Mortality.
Contributes to dehydration and under nutrition.
Poverty
Poverty refers to deprivation. Lack of income and resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare.
The world bank identifies extreme poverty or absolute poverty as people living on less than US $1.90 per day.
What’s the issue with poverty
The poorest people have the worst health
Lack of resources to build infrastructure
Affects a governments ability to provide social protections services
Family- lack of education opportunities
Increased violence and discrimination
Forced to move into urban slum areas for work or sell children into slavery/prostitution.
Impact of poverty on health and wellbeing
P - Increase disease risk.
Malnutrition, the body cannot function in its day to day tasks.
Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities such as school and work
M - Increased stress/anxiety levels about income
Feelings of inadequacy.
Effects ability to think and reason
S - Isolation and exclusion.
Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced
E - People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced
S - Lose their purpose in life
Impact of poverty on burden of disease and health status
Increases the burden of disease, double burden of disease (where communicable diseases and lifestyle diseases are high).
Increases diseases due to malnutrition and illnesses related to food insecurity.
Increases infant mortality rates.
Increase risk of spread of disease such as diarrhoea, cholera, malaria and hookworm.
Lowers life expectancy.
Increases U 5 Mortality.
Increases maternal mortality (lack of access to maternal support services – women and neonates will die).
Inequality and discrimination
Equality and freedom from discrimination are basic human rights.
Race
Religion
Gender
Sexual Orientation
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Racial discrimination
Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent nationality or ethnic origin or immigrant status’.
Indigenous people have the highest rate of discrimination and suffer lower life expectancy and higher rates of mortality and morbidity
Religious discrimination
Everyday around the world religious minority groups face discrimination.
They may be targeted by others within the community that they live in.
Abuse substances like tobacco, alcohol & drugs– making them more prone to lifestyle diseases.
Sex discrimination
When females experience discrimination based on their gender
They can be prevented from work, education, healthcare and excluded from society
Especially prevalent in low and middle income countries
Sexual orientation discrimination
When some experiences discrimination based on their sexual orientation or their gender identity
They may be prevented from accessing work, education and healthcare and they may also be excluded from society
In low income countries it can even result in death
Impact of discrimination and inequality on health and wellbeing
P - Increase risk of disease, self harm and attempted suicide.
Physical violence from others.
M - Increased stress and distress levels. Restrictions in rights.
Feelings of inadequacy. Effects ability to think and reason
S - Isolation and exclusion. Bullying.
Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced.
Unable to form relationships.
E - Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced.
Increased anxiety and fear of ongoing negative reactions.
S - lose their purpose in life.
Impact of discrimination and inequality on health status and burden of disease
Higher rates of Mental health- depression and anxiety.
Increases infant mortality rates & U5 mortality.
Lower life expectancy.
Increased maternal mortality.
Women – younger age of child birth, many children, malnutrition.
Lower levels of health care and education, domestic violence, financial insecurity, intense work labour and exhaustion
Global marketing
Improvements in technology has led to a decrease in the barriers of communication and trade and transport.
Globalisation has increased, companies can distribute, market and sell their products around the globe.
What’s the issue with global marketing
Companies can target uneducated, poor people and addict them to their product to make money
Creates a double burden of disease
Global marketing - Tobacco
Tobacco is one of the highest causes of death and illness globally.
Higher rates of smoking in low to middle income countries.
Low income countries no policies to regulate the tobacco industry.
Increase burden of disease, and increase in premature deaths from cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, anxiety and depression.
Global marketing - Alcohol
Marketing of alcohol may not have the restrictions imposed by high income countries.
Alcohol misuse can dominate people’s lives and decrease opportunities to lead healthy lives.
In low to middle income countries alcohol misuse is on the rise.
In Australia where public campaigns have tried to address alcohol consumption it continues to challenge the health care system.
Impact on prenatal development, traffic accidents, liver cirrhosis, mental health and wellbeing.
Global marketing processed foods
People neglect their traditional diets and opt for high energy dense food without the nutrition value of traditional cuisine.
Westernised diets with high sugar, fat and salt.
This leads to an increase incidence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, CVD, hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes and Cancers.
Further effecting self esteem, anxiety and depression.
Low income to middle income countries, double burden of disease.
The impact of global marketing on health and wellbeing
P- Decreased physical capacity
Weight gain
Diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver and cancers
M- Smoking can lead to nasty side effects and that may result in stress and lower self esteem
Weight gain can affect self esteem
Drinking too much can cause stress on the families
S- These products can isolate a person from society and affect the persons ability to have meaningful relationships
E - Unable to control emotions when denied cigarettes and alcohol
weight gain can cause feeling of unhappiness and hopelessness
S - Lose your sense of purpose
The impact of global marketing on health status and burden of disease
Increased burden of disease for non-communicable lifestyle diseases
Increased mortality and morbidity
Increased prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in children
Double burden of disease in low and middle income countries
