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Health + Human: 3+4 > Unit 4: Outcome 1 SAC 1A > Flashcards

Unit 4: Outcome 1 SAC 1A Flashcards

1
Q

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

A

Value of country’s total annual income, expressed in US dollars, and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the country’s citizens

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2
Q

Advantages of GNI

A

A useful and easily comparable indicator that does reflect other non-financial development measures such as life expectancy and education

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3
Q

Disadvantages of GNI

A

Doesn’t reflect inequality in income distribution

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4
Q

Low-income range

A

US $1025 or less per capita

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5
Q

Middle-income range

A

US $1026 to $12475 per capita

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6
Q

High-income range

A

US $12476

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7
Q

Different type of characteristics

A

Economic
Environmental
Social

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8
Q

Economic characteristics

A 
Level of debt
Income
Trade opportunities
Poverty
Welfare support
Industry
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9
Q

Environmental characteristics

A 
Infrastructure
Access to clean water
Access to improved sanitation
Access to food
Agricultural productivity
Energy use
Resource use
Emissions
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10
Q

Social characteristics

A 
Social support
Employment
Birth rates
Education levels
Healthcare system
Access to technology
Legal and political systems
Living systems
Social justice
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11
Q

Low-income countries characteristics

A 
Lack of social support
Low levels of education attainment
High population growth
Poor access to improved sanitation
Lower agricultural productivity
Lower levels of food security
Poor access to healthcare
Less infrastructure
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12
Q

Middle-income countries characteristics

A

The large variation in income results in varied characteristics, the lower income have more characteristics like low income countries and higher middle income countries resemble the high income countries characteristics

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13
Q

High-income countries characteristics

A 
Availability of social support services
Higher levels of educational attainment
Lower population growth
Access to improved sanitation
Higher agricultural productivity
Improved food security
Access to healthcare
Improved infrastructure
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14
Q

Low income countries

A 
Afghanistan
Chad
Mozambique
Nepal
Sierra
Leone
Zimbabwe
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15
Q

Middle income countries

A 
Bangledesh
Cambodia
Argentina
Malaysia
Turkey
Vanuatu
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16
Q

High income countries

A 
Australia
Canada
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
US
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17
Q

Life expectancy across the income levels

A

Higher income experience better health status and have the highest life expectancy due to better access to health resources due to the strong economy it can provide

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18
Q

Infant mortality rates across the income levels

A

High income levels have very low infant mortality due to good neonatal and postnatal care and proper sanitation

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19
Q

Under 5 mortality rates across the income levels

A

High income have low levels of U5MR due to vaccinations and good nutrition

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20
Q

Maternal mortality

A

High income have low levels of maternal mortality due to good access to neonatal and antenatal services and having trained attendants such as midwifes at the births

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21
Q

Double burden of disease

A

Low income countries are experiencing a high rate of death from communicable diseases but also from non communicable diseases

22
Q

Leading causes of death

A

In high income non communicable diseases are the leading cause of death and in low income countries it is communicable infectious diseases

23
Q

4 main types of non communicable diseases

A

Cardiovascular diseases
Chronic respiratory diseases
Cancers
Diabetes

24
Q

Factors contributing to similarities and differences in health status

A 
Access to safe water
Sanitation
Poverty
Inequality and discrimination
Global marketing
25
Q

What’s the issue with water?

A

Women and children spend hours collecting it
Needed for consumption, cooking and agriculture
Increases the risk of using contaminated water sources

26
Q

Impact of water on health and wellbeing

A

P - increases infectious diseases
- causes dehydration and malnutrition
- collecting water causes exhaustion and injury
M - cause stress and anxiety for women
S - the time spent collecting water impacts on social interactions, it also prevents children going to school
E - causes negative feelings of anxiety and stress
S - feelings of hopelessness can lead to people losing their sense of purpose in life

27
Q

Impact of water on health status and burden of disease

A

Contaminated water increases infant and under 5 mortality due to the increased infectious diseases
Lower life expectancy due to water-borne diseases
Higher prevalence of infectious diseases

28
Q

Sanitation

A

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.

29
Q

Safe water

A

Refers to water that is not contaminated with diseases or chemicals

30
Q

What’s the issue with sanitation?

A

The spread of infectious diseases
Reduces life expectancy, increase infant mortality and U 5 Mortality.
Over urbanisation, systems cannot cope.
Slums and makeshift dwellings, overcrowding.
In schools where there are no toilets allocated to girls, they will not attend school.

31
Q

Impact of sanitation on health and wellbeing

A

P - Increase water borne disease risk
Dehydration and Malnutrition
Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities.
M - Increased stress/anxiety levels especially for women and girls.
S - Girls may be excluded and not attend school.
Public defecation may cause social anxiety for women and girls
E - People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfair
However when latrines are built in communities and provided for girls it can mean that girls will attend school.
S - They may be more confident in their day to day life therefore they can focus on their purpose in life

32
Q

Impact of sanitation on burden of disease and health status

A

Increases infant mortality rates from communicable diseases.
Increases risk of spread of disease such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, malaria and hookworm.
Lowers life expectancy.
Increases U 5 Mortality.
Contributes to dehydration and under nutrition.

33
Q

Poverty

A

Poverty refers to deprivation. Lack of income and resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare.
The world bank identifies extreme poverty or absolute poverty as people living on less than US $1.90 per day.

34
Q

What’s the issue with poverty

A

The poorest people have the worst health
Lack of resources to build infrastructure
Affects a governments ability to provide social protections services
Family- lack of education opportunities
Increased violence and discrimination
Forced to move into urban slum areas for work or sell children into slavery/prostitution.

35
Q

Impact of poverty on health and wellbeing

A

P - Increase disease risk.
Malnutrition, the body cannot function in its day to day tasks.
Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities such as school and work
M - Increased stress/anxiety levels about income
Feelings of inadequacy.
Effects ability to think and reason
S - Isolation and exclusion.
Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced
E - People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced
S - Lose their purpose in life

36
Q

Impact of poverty on burden of disease and health status

A

Increases the burden of disease, double burden of disease (where communicable diseases and lifestyle diseases are high).
Increases diseases due to malnutrition and illnesses related to food insecurity.
Increases infant mortality rates.
Increase risk of spread of disease such as diarrhoea, cholera, malaria and hookworm.
Lowers life expectancy.
Increases U 5 Mortality.
Increases maternal mortality (lack of access to maternal support services – women and neonates will die).

37
Q

Inequality and discrimination

A

Equality and freedom from discrimination are basic human rights.
Race
Religion
Gender
Sexual Orientation
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

38
Q

Racial discrimination

A

Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent nationality or ethnic origin or immigrant status’.
Indigenous people have the highest rate of discrimination and suffer lower life expectancy and higher rates of mortality and morbidity

39
Q

Religious discrimination

A

Everyday around the world religious minority groups face discrimination.
They may be targeted by others within the community that they live in.
Abuse substances like tobacco, alcohol & drugs– making them more prone to lifestyle diseases.

40
Q

Sex discrimination

A

When females experience discrimination based on their gender
They can be prevented from work, education, healthcare and excluded from society
Especially prevalent in low and middle income countries

41
Q

Sexual orientation discrimination

A

When some experiences discrimination based on their sexual orientation or their gender identity
They may be prevented from accessing work, education and healthcare and they may also be excluded from society
In low income countries it can even result in death

42
Q

Impact of discrimination and inequality on health and wellbeing

A

P - Increase risk of disease, self harm and attempted suicide.
Physical violence from others.
M - Increased stress and distress levels. Restrictions in rights.
Feelings of inadequacy. Effects ability to think and reason
S - Isolation and exclusion. Bullying.
Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced.
Unable to form relationships.
E - Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced.
Increased anxiety and fear of ongoing negative reactions.
S - lose their purpose in life.

43
Q

Impact of discrimination and inequality on health status and burden of disease

A

Higher rates of Mental health- depression and anxiety.
Increases infant mortality rates & U5 mortality.
Lower life expectancy.
Increased maternal mortality.
Women – younger age of child birth, many children, malnutrition.
Lower levels of health care and education, domestic violence, financial insecurity, intense work labour and exhaustion

44
Q

Global marketing

A

Improvements in technology has led to a decrease in the barriers of communication and trade and transport.
Globalisation has increased, companies can distribute, market and sell their products around the globe.

45
Q

What’s the issue with global marketing

A

Companies can target uneducated, poor people and addict them to their product to make money
Creates a double burden of disease

46
Q

Global marketing - Tobacco

A

Tobacco is one of the highest causes of death and illness globally.
Higher rates of smoking in low to middle income countries.
Low income countries no policies to regulate the tobacco industry.
Increase burden of disease, and increase in premature deaths from cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, anxiety and depression.

47
Q

Global marketing - Alcohol

A

Marketing of alcohol may not have the restrictions imposed by high income countries.
Alcohol misuse can dominate people’s lives and decrease opportunities to lead healthy lives.
In low to middle income countries alcohol misuse is on the rise.
In Australia where public campaigns have tried to address alcohol consumption it continues to challenge the health care system.
Impact on prenatal development, traffic accidents, liver cirrhosis, mental health and wellbeing.

48
Q

Global marketing processed foods

A

People neglect their traditional diets and opt for high energy dense food without the nutrition value of traditional cuisine.
Westernised diets with high sugar, fat and salt.
This leads to an increase incidence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, CVD, hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes and Cancers.
Further effecting self esteem, anxiety and depression.
Low income to middle income countries, double burden of disease.

49
Q

The impact of global marketing on health and wellbeing

A

P- Decreased physical capacity
Weight gain
Diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver and cancers
M- Smoking can lead to nasty side effects and that may result in stress and lower self esteem
Weight gain can affect self esteem
Drinking too much can cause stress on the families
S- These products can isolate a person from society and affect the persons ability to have meaningful relationships
E - Unable to control emotions when denied cigarettes and alcohol
weight gain can cause feeling of unhappiness and hopelessness
S - Lose your sense of purpose

50
Q

The impact of global marketing on health status and burden of disease

A

Increased burden of disease for non-communicable lifestyle diseases
Increased mortality and morbidity
Increased prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in children
Double burden of disease in low and middle income countries

Health + Human: 3+4 (6 decks)

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