Unit 3 : Outcome 1 SAC 1A Flashcards
Health (WHO 1946)
A state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Wellbeing
A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.
Illness
The state of feeling unwell, although the term is often used synonymously with disease.
It refers to how someone may experience the disease
Health status
‘An individual’s or population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors’.
Physical dimension
Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, including the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.
Social dimension
The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.
Mental dimension
Mental health is the current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information.
Spiritual dimension
Not material in nature but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscince of human beings.
Emotional dimension
Emotional health relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way.
Chronic diseases
Diseases marked by a long duration and frequent recurrence that often progress slowly, especially degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis. Also known as non-communicable diseases.
Optimal health and wellbeing
The best possible state of an individual’s health and wellbeing for their age.
Equity
Equity is not about treating equally but rather providing what the individuals or groups require for health and wellbeing.
Self-assessed health status
An overall measure of a populations health based on persons own perceptions of their health.
Life expectancy
An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.
HALE - Health adjusted life expectancy
A measure of burden of disease, based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Mortality
The number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor.
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths among children aged under 1 year in a given period, per 1000 live births in the same period.
U5MR- Under 5 mortality rate
The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births.
Maternal mortality
Refers to the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications.
Morbidity
Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill- health in a population or group.
Burden of diseases
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.
DALY - Disability adjusted life year
A measure of burden of disease - one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease and injury.
YLL - Years of life lost
The fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as the years of life lost due to death.
YLD - Years lost due to disability
The non-fatal component of the disease burden; a measurement of the healthy years lost due to diseases or injuries.
Incidence
The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.
Prevalence
The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Health (Ottawa Charter 1986)
A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasising social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.
Dynamic
When something is dynamic, it is changing or moving continually in response to its environment and experiences.
How can an health and wellbeing be dynamic?
You may be at optimal health and then you learn of a close family member who has suddenly passed away and that will affect the emotional health and wellbeing
Subjective
It is considered to be influenced by personal opinions, beliefs and past experiences, or their perception of their health
How can health be subjective?
If someone is fighting the flu they may consider themselves very unwell if they have never experienced a cold before, whereas someone who has a terminal illness the flu may not be as bad
Physical health and wellbeing factors
Being able to perform physical task effectively Having flexibility of muscles and joints Being free from illness Limiting progression of chronic diseases Strong immune system Physically fit Adequate levels of energy Healthy blood pressure Healthy BMI Reliable body function
Social health and wellbeing factors
Forming friendships Managing conflict effectively Obeying laws and rules of society Maintaining a network of friends Communicating effectively Accepting responsibilities for ones actions Working as part of a team effectively Being respectful of other in a range of social situations Active family member Having meaningful relationships
Mental health and wellbeing factors
Positively forming opinions Coping with day to day demands Positive decision making Feeling good about oneself Being accepting of oneself Supporting and helping the community Having confidence and self belief Coping mechanisms for stress
Emotional health and wellbeing factors
Feelings of accomplishment Feeling in control of feelings Expressing feelings openly Feelings of security Resilience Aware of personal feelings
Spiritual health and wellbeing factors
Sense of belonging Happiness and fulfilment Peace and harmony Being involved in a community in a way that supports your faith system Seeking meaning of life Sense of purpose, meaning or values Having a belief or faith system
Interrelationships
How dimensions impact on each other
Health and wellbeing as a resource
Individually
Nationally
Globally
Individual - health and wellbeing as a resource
Participate in everyday activities Helps with growth and development Increases life expectancy and HALE Less likely to contract diseases/illnesses Improves life quality Creates positive relationships Spend less on healthcare costs
Nationally - health and wellbeing as a resource
Increased productivity Increased life expectancy and HALE Less money going to treat, cure and prevent illnesses and it can go somewhere else Increased economy and trade Reduced burden on healthcare system
Globally - health and wellbeing as a resource
increased life expectancy and HALE
Decrease in emergence or re - emergence of communicable diseases
Decrease in non communicable diseases
Decrease in extreme poverty
Increase of economic and social development of low in come countries
Increased global economic activity and productivity
Vulnerable groups health status improves
The ability to act freely
Prerequisites for health
Peace Shelter Education Food Income Stable ecosystem Sustainable resources Social justice and equity
Peace prerequisite
Means living with others on the basis of tolerance, respect and mutual understanding
More than just absence of war or conflict
Access to education, health services, developing sustainability
Shelter prerequisite
More than a roof over ones head
Dwelling that provides safety, security and privacy
Education prerequisite
Increases health literacy
Affects health behaviours, risk taking, use of healthcare services
Health literacy
An ability to obtain, process and use basic health information and services to make an appropriate health decision
Food prerequisite
Nutritious food develops a strong immune system, healthy body function, healthy mind function and increase life expectancy and HALE
Income prerequisite
Social gradient of health, the more money a person has the healthier they tend to be
Money allows access to food, water, shelter, sanitation, education and healthcare
The person can be affected by the country’s GNP and the individuals income
Stable ecosystem prerequisite
Refers to a balanced relationship between species and landscape that live in an environment
Provides clean air, water, food.
Sustainable resources prerequisite
Relate to using the resources for current living but still keeping the natural systems functioning and have the resources available for future generations
Impacts on air quality, water, and wildlife
Social justice and equity prerequisite
All people within a community receive fair treatment at all time
Equity not equality, taking into account gender, race, religion, culture, socioeconomic background and education
Indicators of health status
Life expectancy Incidence Prevalence DALY Mortality - maternal, infant and under 5 Morbidity Self assessed health status Burden of disease HALE
