Unit 4 Outcome 1 Flashcards
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Globalisation
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contribute to this process.
Global health*
The health of populations in worldwide context that goes beyond the perspectives and concerns of individual countries. Global health is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.
Characteristics of developed countries
- economic characteristics
Low international debt, wide range of industries, many opportunities for global trade, high average income.
Characteristics of developed countries
- social characteristics
Gender equality, low birth rates, high levels of employment, high levels of education, social security systems, developed health systems, access to technology, developed legal systems, no history of colonisation.
Characteristics of developed countries
- environmental characteristics
Safe water and sanitation, access to food, adequate housing, adequate infrastructure.
World health organisation mortality strata
- Strata A
Child mortality: very low
Adult mortality: very low
Example countries: Australia, U.K, Canada, USA
World health organisation mortality strata
- Strata B
Child mortality: low
Adult mortality: low
Example countries: China, Turkey, Mexico
World health organisation mortality strata
- Strata C
Child mortality: low
Adult mortality: high
Example countries: Russian Federation, Ukraine
World health organisation mortality strata
- Strata D
Child mortality: high
Adult mortality: high
Example countries: Iraq, Peru, Sudan
World health organisation mortality strata
- Strata E
Child mortality: high
Adult mortality: very high
Example countries: (African countries) Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya
Human Development Index (HDI)
A measurement system that attempts to reflect the level of human development being experienced in different countries and regions. It uses four indicators to create an index: life expectancy, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, GNI per capita.
HDI dimensions
- health
Indicator: life expectancy at birth
HDI dimensions
- education
Indicator: - mean years of schooling
- expected years of schooling
HDI dimensions
- living standards
Indicator: - GNI per capita.
Sustainability of programs
- economic sustainability
Relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time.
Sustainability of programs
- social sustainability
Relates to future generations having the same or improved access to social resources such as human rights, political stability and education.
Sustainability of programs
- environmental sustainability
Relates to ensuring the natural environment is utilised in a way that will preserve resources into the future.
Programs are sustainable if they are…
- appropriate(ness)
Means that the implemented program addresses the specific needs of a targeted community or population.
- involve the people (empower them)
- choose the right aid to reach poor people (providing services and resources that meet the most urgent needs. I.e provision of clean water)
- focus on involving and educating women
- focus on education
- ensure programs are culturally appropriate
Programs are sustainable if they are…
- affordable(ity)
Implemented programs must take into consideration the fact that people living in poverty do not have the money to access programs and resources in a user-pays system. Organisations must consider how they are to be funded.
Programs are sustainable if they are…
- equitable
In order for programs to be sustainable, they must be equitable in terms of providing opportunities and meeting the needs of all individuals and community groups. Many groups, such as women and disabled, lack the opportunities provided to others.
- creating policies
- funding the most urgent needs of vulnerable groups
- providing education to vulnerable groups
Key health indicators in developing countries and Australia
- life expectancy
- war and conflict have a significant impact on life expectancy
- developing countries are more susceptible to health issues
- the lower the strata of a country, the lower the life expectancy and HALE
Key health indicators in developing countries and Australia
- mortality and morbidity
- child mortality and morbidity. I.e nutritional health of mothers
- malnutrition
- tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
- communicable and non-communicable diseases
- burden of disease
- HDI: is influenced by factors such as income and education
Factors that influence health and human development is developing countries and Australia (7)
- income
Level of GNI affects access to clean water, sanitation, health services and social security nets.
- there is a relationship between GNI and poverty
- malnutrition, higher U5MR, greater gender imbalances etc
Measures of poverty
- those living on less than a certain amount per day (often US$1.25 a day). This is referred to as absolute/extreme poverty
- those living on less than 50 per cent of their countries average income. This is referred to as relative poverty.
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- gender equality
- in many developing countries, women have less power and control over resources than men
- women may be last fed
- women are expected to abide by their husbands or fathers conditions
- gender norms
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- peace and political stability
- physical environment can be destroyed, which can limit access to food and services such as health care. Water and sanitation facilities can also be destroyed
- effects of conflict include physical injuries, higher maternal and infant mortality and increase in outbreaks of communicable diseases. I.e typhoid
- can affect human development through breakdown or law and order, trade restrictions and economic turmoil, unemployment, disruption to education, human rights abuse
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- access to health care
- being able to access health workers can assist in the prevention of disease (through immunisation and education) and can make available treatments for a range of conditions.
- high levels of disease may prevent children from accessing education and developing to their full potential.
- few countries have a universal health care scheme.
- access to health care during pregnancy and childbirth is critical for the health of mothers and children.
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- education
- education promotes literacy which can lead to higher socio economic status including stable employment and income. This improves access to food, shelter and health care.
- vulnerable groups are the most likely to lack access to education. I.e those who are disabled or sick.
- educated women are more likely to have healthier children.
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- physical environment
- access to water and sanitation (waterborne diseases, drownings)
- housing (air pollution, accidents, food storage)
- physical infrastructure (dangerous roads, bridges, malfunction of water)
- reduced access to education
- climate and climate change (rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, rising sea levels) people in developed countries generally have more secure homes.
- communicable diseases such as malaria.
- air pollution: increases as climate changes
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- global marketing
- globalisation makes it easier for companies to market and sell their services and products in all corners of the globe. While some can be beneficial, such as pharmaceuticals, others can be detrimental such as tobacco, alcohol and processed foods.
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- global marketing: tobacco
- the laws, taxes, regulations and and public awareness campaigns are often non-existent in developing countries
- developing countries tend to have rapid population growths and economies, which bring new wealth and a desire to be more like western cultures.
- children and women have been heavily influenced
- financial resources are often scarce, money is spent on tobacco and lees money for food, clothing education which impacts on standard of living.
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- global marketing: alcohol
- developing countries lack the resources to educate the population about alochol, control alcohol consumption and care for those suffering the negative effects associated with excessive drinking.
- alcohol misuse can dominate people’s lives, which decreases their opportunities for them to develop to their full potential and lead productive lives
- less money to spend on food, clothing and shelter thus decreasing human development.
Factors that influence health and human development in developing countries and Australia (7)
- global marketing: processed foods
- companies producing processed foods market their products at developing countries. This causes them to neglect traditional diets which are often low in fat for diets that are high in fat, salt and sugar (westernised foods) and contribute to a more energy dense diet.
- contributes to obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
“Double-burden”
Developing countries experience high rates of malnutrition and other conditions associated with poverty in addition to high rates of conditions associated with wealth such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. Quite often the effects of obesity and malnutrition exist side by side in the same community.
- chronic disease impacts on human development. I.e people can’t earn an income which reduces their standard of living.
Human Development
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
