- glue between neurons - supporting and insulating cells between neurons - segregate and insulate neurons Promote health and growth

Unit 4: Neuroanatomy Flashcards by Gladys Yu

Organization of the nervous system

CNS and PNS
PNS to afferent and efferent
Efferent to somatic and autonomic
Autonomic to sympathetic and parasympathetic

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Parts of CNS

Brain and spinal cord

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Parts of PNS

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexus in small intestine, sensory receptors in skin

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Afferent system

Consists of nerve cells that carry electrical impulses towards to CNS from receptors (arriving to CNS)

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Efferent system

Consists of nerve cells that carry electrical impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands (exiting CNS to PNS for action)

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Somatic system

Motor nervous system: efferent neurons under voluntary control (ex brain sending message to skeletal muscle)

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Autonomic system

Efferent neurons under involuntary control (ex brain sending message to smooth muscle)

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Sympathetic system

Fight or flight
- increase HR
- vasoconstriction
- bronchodilation
- decrease peristalsis
- increased sweat glad secretion

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Parasympathetic system

Rest and digest
- decrease HR
- increase peristalsis
- increase digestive juice secretion
- micturition reflex

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Enteric division

The gut brain
- nuclei and plexuses (branching of nerves) within the digestive system that communicate among themselves (reflex arcs)
- coordinate peristaltic movements, segmentation, fluid exchange, blood flow, secretion of hormones
- also communicate extensively with CNS

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Cell body

Holds the majority of the cellular organelles

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Dendrite

Cytoplasmic processes conducting impulses toward to cell body
- short branched fibres
- receive signal

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Axon

Conducts impulses away from cell body
- single, long, process
- send signals

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Neuroglia

glue between neurons
supporting and insulating cells between neurons
segregate and insulate neurons
Promote health and growth

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Formation of myelin sheath

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)

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Organization of neurons in PNS

Groups of cell bodies = ganglia
Groups of axons = nerves

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Organization of neurons in CNS

Groups of cell bodies = nuclei/gray matter
Group of axons = tract
Group of tracts - white matter

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Location of gray and white matter

Spinal cord = white on outer edges, grey in centre
Brain = grey outer, white inner

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Plexus

Branching network of interconnecting nerves
- spinal nerve plexus for movement
- autonomic plexus found in thorax, abdomen; regulates activity of visceral organs

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Cranial nerves

12 from brain:
- 10 from brain stem
- 1 from cerebrum
- 1 from thalamus
Types:
- 3 sensory
- 5 motor
- 4 mixed

Structure of spinal cord

31 segments

Functions of spinal cord

1) carries info
- sensory impulses from periphery to brain
- motor impulses from brain to periphery
2) integrating reflexes
- reflex centres
- passes a nerve impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron

Primary motor cortex

Generates signals for movement of the body

Primary somatosensory cortex

Processing afferent sensory and motor input necessary for skilled movement

Striatum

Control of memory and retrieval

Globus pallidus

Conscious control and proprioception and voluntary movement

Substantia nigra pars reticula

Output of nuclei in basal ganglia, movement execution, dopamine release

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Part of basal ganglia, how your brain controls body movements, affects learning, mood, judgement, and decision making

Thalamus

Relay motor and sensory signals to cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis regulation

Cerebrum

Language, speech, reading, writing

Cerebellum

Smooth and coordinated movements

Pons

Unconscious process sleep wake cycle and breathing

Medulla oblongata

HR, breathing, blood pressure

Tectum

Visual and auditory reflexes

Brain stem

Reflexes

Trigeminal

Mastication Sensory and motor

Facial nerve

- expression, parasympathetic innervation of glands of oral cavity and lacrimal glands, sensory fro tongue - motor (oral and lacrimal) - sensory (tongue)

Glossopharyngeal nerve

-swallowing - motor

Vagus nerve

Regulation of internal organs - sensory

Spinal accessory nerve

- provides motor control to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid - motor

Hypoglossal nerve

- tongue movement. Speak, swallow - motor

Anterior horn of spinal cord

- sends out motor signals to skeletal muscles - motor

Lateral horn of spinal cord

- sympathetic division - sensory

Posterior horn of spinal cord

Sensory processing - sensory

Lateral column of spinal cord

- from cerebral cortex to contact spinal motor neurons - motor

Posterior colum of spinal cord

- fine touch sensation, conscious, proprioception, vibration - sensory

Ascending tracts of spinal cord

- Carrie’s sensory info from the body to the brain - sensory

Descending tracts of spinal cord

- carries motor info from the brain to the body - motor