Unit 4: Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation
The cause, reason, motive to do something to achieve an objective
General model of Motivatuon states that it is influenced by …. & ….
Individual needs and environmental characteristics (in this case, work environment)
What are the 2 individual needs theories
McClellands: 3 needs
Maslow hierarchy of needs
Outlines McClellands 3 needs theory
We are all born with need for
Affiliation
Achievement
Power
Outline Maslow hierarchy
5 dependednt/ interdependent levels of needs
Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualisation
What are 2 questionnaire for understanding needs
Reiss profile of basic motives (15 items)
Vocational types: personality times examined alongside interests/preferences to creat a perfect match
What are 3 work environment characteristic theories
Hezberg’s two factory theory
Job characteristic model (Hackman & Oldham)
Flow theory (long complicated name)
Outline hezberg’s two factor theory
Job enrichment
Job enlargement
Outline the job characteristic model
Corse job dimensions —> psychological states —> personal and work outcomes
Core job dimensions
- skills variety
- task identity
- task significant
- task autonomy (responsibilities?)
- job feedback
Psychological states
- high internal work motivation
- high quality work performance
- low w satisfaction
- low absence and turnover
Moderators
Skills
Education
External rewards
Outline flow theory
Interaction between person and characteristics
Optimal motivation = entirely engaged with task
It’s a flow from ANT > CON > RSRCH
Antecedents (before task)
- clear goals & rules
- Perceived demands and skills
- Clear/immediate feedback
Consequences
- positive affect
- Intense concentration
- Lack of fatigue
New research direction
- trained
- Theoretical vagueness
- Subjective experience
What’s the difference between context related theories and process related theories
Content RT: answers question of why are some people motivated while others aren’t?
Process RT: answers “how does motivation affect work behaviour?”
What are the 4 process related theories
Expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964)
Goal setting theory (Locke & Latham, 1990)
Self-regulation theories (Bandura,1991)
Justice theories
What is expectancy theory?
Equation for decision making
FORCE = E(I x V)
E = Expectancy (of gaining outcome)
I = Instrumentality (perception of result - success/not)
V = Valance (how valuable is it to me?)
Choose the highest force
What are limitations of expectancy theory? Force = e(I xV)
Intrinsic motivation: doesn’t consider enjoyment
Individual differences: too robotic
Too mathematical: doesn’t consider feelings emotions
What is goal setting theory (Locke & Latham)
Planning, activation & strength
CORE GOAL CHARACTERISTICS (difficulty, specificity of task)
MEDIATING PROCESSES
(Direction, intensity, persistence, strategies)
MOTIVATION & PERFORMANCE
Moderators of med. proc = task complexity, goal commitment, self-efficacy, feedback
What are limitations of goal-setting theory
Personal differences
Changes over time
Clear goals with sufficient feedbaxj
What is self regulation theory (Bandura)
3 basic steps
Self monitoring
Self evaluation
Self reaction
Recent research directions has found effects of …. And …. On job motivation
Groups and age
How has groups been shown to affect job MOTIVATION (model)
Collective effort model (CEM)
individual performance in a group —> outcome for the group and the individual
ALL LINKED
- individ performance & group performance
- group perf & group outcome
- group outcome and individual outcome
What we’re the CONTENT changes with AGE on job motivation
Challenges: old people don’t want
Feedback: don’t want it
Salary
What’s the correlation between job satisfaction and age? Why?
Job satisfaction increase with age
- safety and security
- climate
What are the PROCESS changes that come with age?
Adaptation incentive
Habits
Compare themselves to younger colleagues
Stereotypes
Self-efficacy
