Unit 4-Mitosis and Miosis Flashcards
What are the monomers of DNA?
Nucleotides
What components make up Nucleotides?
Nitrogen Base, Phosphate group, Sugar
When dose DNA replication Occur?
S phase, Synthesis
What are the stages of interphase?
G1, S, G2,
growth 1, synthesis, growth 2,
What happens in G1 stage of the cell cycle?
Cell growth
What happens in S stage of the cell cycle?
The DNA replicates
What happens in the G2 stage of the cell cycle?
More organelles are made
Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?
asexual
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)
Mitosis produces ___ daughter cells which are genetically __________ to the parent cell.
2, identical
Meiosis produces ___ daughter cells which are genetically ____________ to the parent cell.
4, different
Diploid
Cells that contain 2 complete sets of genes(body cells).
Haploid
Cells that only contain one set of genes (sex cells)
Dose mitosis produce diploid or haploid cells?
diploid cells
Dose meiosis produce diploid or haploid cells?
haploid cells
What advantage do sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms?
a. genetic variation
b. genetic stability
c. increased fertilization rate
d. increased reproductive rate
a. genetic variation
Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing?
a. The cytoplasm separates.
b. The DNA replicates.
c. The sister chromatids separate.
d. The homologous chromosomes cross over.
b. the DNA replicates
What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis?
a. two cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell
b. two cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell
c. four cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell
d. four cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell
a. two cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
Parent cell
the original cell
Daughter Cell
A new cell formed by meiosis or mitosis
Gamete
sex cell; sperm or egg
Homologues chromosomes
Same type, same kind, and same size chromosomes
Two pieces of DNA that carry the same type of gene, one from each parent
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm splits in two
What form of reproduction gives the most genetic variation?
Sexual reproduction, genetic material from each parent
What form of reproduction gives the least genetic variation?
Asexual reproduction, exact copy of parent
Binary Fission
Organism replicates DNA and divides in 2, producing 2 identical daughter cells. (Asexual)
Spore formation
Organism breaks into many pieces or spores, and each develops into identical copy of the parent organism (Asexual)
Regeneration
Organism can grow back tissue or body (Aexual)
Regeneration
Organism can grow back tissue or body (Asexual)
Budding
New organism splits off from parent and develops into adult.
Vegetative Propagation
Asexual reproduction in plants, runner, bulbs, grafting, cuttings, tubers,
Dose mitosis include cytokinesis?
No, that happens after mitosis
Chromatid
Half of a duplicated chromosome (when together they form sister chromatids )
Centromere
the point on a diploid set of chromosomes where spindle fibers attach to pull the sister chromatids apart. (Located at the center)
Cell plate
What forms between two sides of a plant cell during mitosis before the cell wall develops.
Crossing over
When chromosomes trade sections of DNA before meiosis, happens in prophase I
When dose independent assortment take place?
Metaphase I
Random assortment of chromosomes
The chromosomes split in a random way
Gene mutation
Different DNA leads to different traits
Nondisjunction
Error in chromosomes splitting during meiosis leading to too few or too many chromosomes.
fertilization
A random sperm and egg come together
What is a diagram displaying a persons chromosomes called?
Karyotype
What disorders comes from having an extra 21st chromosme?
Down syndrome
What is uncontrolled cell division?
Cancer
What are three disorders that are transmitted through non-disjunction?
Klinefelter’s syndrome, turner syndrome, down syndrome
How many total chromosomes dose a human have?
46
What process produces many variations in phenotypes?
a. independent assortment
b. asexual reproduction
c. regeneration
d. cloning
a. independent assortment
A cell has two pairs of homologues chromosomes-
T,t,S,s
Due to independent assortment, what
is the possible genetic make-up of
gametes produced by this organism?
a. SsTt
b. Ss, Tt
c. S, s, T, t
d. ST, St, sT, st
d. ST, St, sT, st
A cloned plant has a diploid chromosome number of 12. What is
the diploid chromosome number of the plant cell that was used to produce the cloned plant?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 18
d. 24
12
Which process is an example of asexual reproduction?
a. an amoeba divides in half to form two amoebas
b. a bee transfers pollen from one flower to another
c. female fish deposits eggs on a rock, then a male fish release
sperm on them
d. Earthworms exchange sperm
a. an amoeba divides in half to form two amoebas
Which genetic abnormality can be identified through karyotyping?
a. point mutation
b. recessive allele
c. extra chromosome
d. sex-linked allele
c. extra chromosome
Histome Proteins
The proteins that DNA wraps around to form its shape and structure
Chromatin
Unwound DNA
2 Main parts of the cell cycle
Interphase (G1,S,G2), Cell division (Mitosis)
How is Prophase I in meiosis different from prophase in Mitosis?
In Prophase I the homologues chromosomes line up in a tetrad
What genetic disorder dose someone have if they are missing or have a partial X chromosome?
Turner syndrome, they are developmentally female
What genetic disorder dose someone have if they have 2 X chromosomes and a Y chromosome?
Klinefelter Syndrome
Haploid and diploid cells are represented by what numbers?
Haploid- n
Diploid- 2n
(n is the amount of genetic material in a haploid cell so a diploid cell is twice that)
