Unit 1-Biochem Review Flashcards
Main Monomer of Carbohydrate
Glucose
Function of glucose
Primary energy source for cells (blood sugar)
Main function of Carbohydrates
Main energy source for life
Carbohydrates are commonly known as:
Sugars and Starches
fruit,milk,candy
Sugar
Pasta, bread, cereal, rice, corn, potato
Starch
fruit sugar
fructose
table surgar
sucrose
milk sugar
Lactose
Glucose is used to make what polymers (polysaccharides)
Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch
Long branching chains of glucose used for energy storage in animal liver and muscle
glycogen
Long chains of glucose used for energy storage in plants
Starch
Compact chains of glucose used for cell walls in plants, source of our dietary fiber, paper and wood
Cellulose
Commonly known as fats, waxes, oils
Lipids
2 Main functions of lipids
-insulates body and protects organs
-long term energy storage
Monomers of Lipids
glycerol, three fatty acids
Polymers of lipids (triglycerides)
Saturated fats, Unsaturated fats
Saturated fats
-Solid at room temperature
-Found mostly in animals
-no double bonds between carbon
-Animal fat, wax, shortening, butter
Unsaturated Fats
-Liquid at room temperature
-Mostly found in plants
-Double bonds between carbons
-vegetable oils, fish oils, nuts
Hormones like cholesterol are
Lipids
main components of cell membranes
phospholipids & cholesterol
Protein groups
Structural Proteins & Enzymes
Monomer of protein
Amino Acids, there are 20 different ones
Order of Amino Acids determines
the shape: and the shape determines the function
Meat, chicken, fish, eggs, beans, nuts
Protein
Polymers of Protein (polypeptides)
Structural Proteins & Enzymes
Found in hair, cartilage, feathers, tendons, etc.
Structural Proteins
Enzymes
-work as a catalyst
-Breaks or builds substrate
Groups of Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA
Where are nucleic acids found?
Nucellus of the cell
Monomers of Nucleic Acid
4 different nucleotides
Parts of nucleotide
Phosphate group, Sugar, Nitrogen Base
Polymers of Nucleic Acid
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) & Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA
shape: double helix, two strands of nucleotides twisted
function: stores genetic information for organism
RNA
shape: single strand of nucleotides
function: carries out instructions found in DNA
Carbohydrate
CH_2O
Lipid
CHO (few O)
-phospholipids also have phosphorus (P)
Protein
CHON
-sometime sulfur
Nucleic Acid
CHONP
Three types of bonds from strongest to weakest
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
When a bond is broken energy is
Released
When a bond is formed energy is
Absorbed
Bond where electrons are shared between atoms
Covalent bond
most abundant compound in living things
water
Is water organic
No, doesn’t have carbon
How do you tell if something is organic
If it has the elements C and H
Solute
What dissolves a solvent
Solvent
What’s being dissolved
Dehydration Synthesis
A type of reaction that produces water after combine the reactants
Hydrolysis
Breakdown of a substance, reacting with water
Where do the reactants bind to the enzyme
Active site
If requirements (temp, pH) are not met an enzyme will ______
Denature
Is an enzyme permanently denatured by temperature change
Yes
Is an enzyme permanently denatured by pH change
No
Do enzymes break down or combine molecules
Both
What monomer makes up enzymes
Amino Acids
What do enzymes do to activation energy
They reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction
Independent variable
The variable you are changing
Dependent Variable
The effect of the variable you are changing
Buffers
pH neutral solutions that contain both acidic and basic solutions, so they are not as heavily affected by change.
As pH gets lower there are more ________
hydrogen ions (H+)
As pH gets higher there are more _________
hydroxide ions (OH-)
A diet low in carbs will cause…
Lethargy, low short term energy
A diet low in proteins will cause…
Loss of muscle mass, slower metabolism
A diet low in lipids will cause…
Low long-term energy
Are most Catalysts in our body organic or inorganic?
Organic
What does the suffix -ase indicate about a macromolecule?
It’s an Enzyme
What does the suffix -ose indicate about a macromolecule?
It’s a Carbohydrate
