unit 4; microbiology Flashcards
microorgansims
exist where these is life
in good conditions can reproduce every 15 mins
how do bacteria feed
through their surface area and the energy is stored in adp
how to get rid of bacteria
temperature-hot or cold, freezing, drying, preservatives and sterilization. PEOPLE GET IMMUNIZED
endspore
in poor conditions the bacteria become dormant and form a spore
resistant bacteria
if unneeded antibiotics are used it can create a resistant strain and they become resistant when they have a mutation in their ribosome that doesn’t allow the antibiotic to bind to it
humans create more wide spread diseases because we produce more garbage and pollution, put higher demands on the environment, travel from place to place
aseptic techniques in the lab (CHECK 6)
do not eat or drink in the lab clear off work area never open the plate (unless instructed to) handle with non writing hand wrap in paper towel and throw away
was hands with soap and warm water
bacteria domain
thick rigid cell walls that surround a membrane. the cell walls contain peptidoglycan
archaea domain
extreme environments, membranes contain unusual lipids the cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
what is bacteria composed of
cell wall, (peptidoglycan), cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA,pili, flagellum
*pili
transfer DNA between bacteria because they make bridge like structures
*flagella
used for movement
4 ways we characterize bacteria
shape, chemicals in cell walls, way they obtain energy, how they move
shapes
coccus- spherical round
bacillus-pillshaped rods
spirilium- curly spirals
obtaining energy
heterotrophs-get energy from consuming organic matter
chemoheterotrophs-take in organic molecules for energy and carbon supply
photoheterotrophs-use sun for energy but also need to take in organic compounds
autotrophs- make own energy
photoautotrophs- use light and energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbon compounds and oxygen
chemoautotrophs-make organic molecules from carbon dioxide-do not need light as a source of energy
releasing energy
use cellular respiration, fermentation or both
obligate aerobes- must live in the presence of oxygen (tuberculosis)
obligate anaerobes- cannot live in the presence of oxygen
facultative anaerobe bacteria- can live with or without oxygen. if oxygen is present they use cellular respiration to make atp and if oxygen not present they use fermentation to make ate.
growth and reproduction of bacteria
reproduction is related to the environment of the bacteria
binary fission- asexual reproduction. divide and split into 2 daughter cells that are identical (mitosis)- stable and unchanging environment
conjugation- transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to the next. pili form a hollow bridge on the cell walls to connect. this is used in a changing environment and promotes diversity
endospore- these can remain inactive and dormant for months or even years. they contain DNA and cytoplasm. they occur in very harsh conditions and when conditions are favourable again they germinate
viruses
nucleic acids, proteins, and sometimes have lipids. they enter living cells, use the machinery of the infected cell to produce new viruses.
bacteriophage structure
they have a head which contains the DNA, then a tail sheath and tail fibres off of that
capsid
protein coat that surrounds the DNA in a virus. proteins enable virus to enter the host cell and bind to the receptors of the host cell
virus vs cell (7 things)
structure- virus has DNA or RNA inside capsid. cell has cell membrane, cytoplasm and eukaryotes have nucleus and organelles
reproduction- virus only inside host. cell independently grows and divides
genetic code- virus has DNA or RNA. cell uses DNA
Growth and development- virus has none. cells grow
obtain and use energy- virus no, cell yes
respond to environment- virus no, cell yes
change over time- virus yes, cell yes
virus infects host cell
inside the host cell the viral genes are expressed and cause the host cell to make new DNA. This happens when the viral DNA takes over cell organelles to make their own protein and DNA
viral specifity
viruses are very specific to the types of cells they can bind to. intimate connection of host cell and surface proteins and DNA. plant viruses can effect human cells but a mutation can occur and make a virus susceptible to other species.
lytic infection
- bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium
- bacteriophage forms a circle
- bacteriophage takes over bacterium metabolism causing the synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acid
- protiens and nucleic acid assemble into new bacteriophages
- bacteriophages enzymes lyses bacterium cell wall releasing new bacteriophage particles
lysogenic infection
- bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium
- bacteriophage DNA forms a circle
- bacteriophage DNA inserts itself into bacterial chromosome
- bacteriophage DNA (prophage) may replicate with DNA for many generations
- Prophage exits the bacterial chromosome and enter the LYTIC CYCLE
prophage
viral DNA that is embedded in the host cells DNA when activated it will remove itself from the host cells DNA and direct the synthesis of new proteins and DNA and produce new viruses
retroviruses
carries RNA instead of DNA and it causes the host cell to rewrite its own DNA. mRNA transcription- DNA makes copies of the gene into mRNA. but in a retrovirus the RNA is turned into DNA before the mRNA is transcribed.
viroids
effect plants and they are single strands of RNA
prions
infect animals ( including humans) only composed of protein and they can cause mad cow disease or cruetzfelt-jakib disease
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by HIV( human immunodeficiency virus)- transmitted thru body fluid and can remain dormant for 10 years. its a retrovirus. they attack helper t cells so the body doesn’t know when the immune system needs to be turned on. AZT slows the growth.—- adenine joins with thymine- drugs special thymine fits with the viral adenine stopping it from continuing.
archetista
not alive and composed of nucleic acid, DNA OR RNA and sometimes lipids- only reproduce inside of living cells do not respire, grow or respond to stimuli
disease
a disease is any change other than injury that disrupts the bodies normal functions
caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi,animals, environment, protists, or inherited
pathogens
disease causing agents
how do bacteria produce disease
damage cells and tissue directly by breaking it down for food release toxins (poisons) that trade throughout the body and interfere with normal activity of the host
louis pasteur
germ theory of disease
bacteria cause disease
developed the process of pasteurization
robert koch
bubonic plague
bacteria transmitted by flees`
disease spread by
physical contact
contaminated food or water
vectors- animals that carry pathogens
antibiotics
destroy bacterias ribosomes so they cannot repair, grow or reproduce
over the counter drugs treat symptoms only
influenza vaccines
is a weakened form of the virus made in mass in chicken eggs
vaccines
cause an immune response in the body. your body makes antibodies that fight the pathogen
immune system
phagocytes attack all pathogens. lymphocytes (helper t cells) lead foreign antigens and mobilize immune cells which are antibodies or white blood cells
influenza
bird flu, pig flu, and human flu, are all different strains but the pigs could get all three at the same time causing them to mutate and create the super strain- H1N1
immune system
recognizes self from non self and destroys anything that is not a part of the body
non specific defenses
work on all pathogens and prevents pathogens form getting in the body
skin, mucus membranes, tears, sweat, urine, respiratory cilia, stomach acid, phagocytes(wbc eat pathogens) inflammation, fever, interferon(chemicals made by cells with virus to warn other cells and interfere with the spread of the virus
specific defenses
If a pathogen gets past the non specific responses it triggers an immune response, antigens trigger immune responses
body fluid
Process is called humeral immunity where bcells recognize antigens and produce antibodies.
B cells
produce plasma cells that produce antibodies. the antibody is very specific and must be able to bind to the pathogen
produce memory b cells- make new plasma cells and make specific antibodies quickly.
living cells
cell-mediated immunity which includes Tcells. MACROPHAGE are white blood cells that engulfs and digests debris
Cells from the thymus gland differentiate into
-helper Tcells which are activated by macrophage and produce memory t cells
Killer Tcells destroy antigens
Suppressor Tcells which shut down killer Tcells
active immunity
Cells make specific antibodies and memory cells
a) naturally acquired active immunity- takes ten days for the body to make antibodies and you’d have to actually get the disease, it usually lasts the longest
b) artificially acquired active immunity- lasts 10 days or 2 weeks. it is where you receive a small dose of the antigen (VACCINE) some vaccines need a booster
passive immunity
antibodies are given, so there are no memory cells and you can be infected later
a) naturally acquired passive immunity-newborn infants receive antibodies from mother in placenta or breast milk and it lasts until the babies can make their own antibodies
b) artificially acquired passive immunity- individual receives injection of antibodies or active Tcells. the effect is immediate but short term
what happens when you’re cut
you bleed to wash the area then the blood clots and white blood cells rush in and enter into the tissue (THESE ARE PHAGOCYTES) the phagocytes ingest and digest the bacteria. if this isn’t effective inflammation will occur- swelling redness and pain and then a fever could occur if the infection has spread
disease prevention
sanitary procedures as well as avoid exposure
immunity
ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen
interferon
virus infected cells produce proteins that help other cells resist the virus
who recognizes antigens
BCELLS- b lymphocytes provide immunity in body fluid- humoral immunity
TCELLS- t lymphocytes defence against abnormal cells or pathogens inside the cell- cell mediated immunity
macrophage
white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens
transplants
cells have marker proteins on their surface that allow immune system to recognize cells and when an organ transplant occurs and the cells do not recognize the cells they will attack it this is called rejection and the cells have a cell-mediated immune response.
protists
single cells or live in a unit but each cell can function on its own - 50,000 different types of species most are food for other animals
volvox
group together in colonies and each perform special functions
8 life activities
locomotion-movement-search of food, survival, seed dispersal (plants)
ingestion-taking in food- related to the food available
digestion- chemical alteration of food into usable energy for maintenance and growth- food break down
secretion-manufacture of special chemical substances out of materials obtained from the surroundings
egestion-poop elimination from the body of indigestible food or other solid waste
respiration-destructive chemical process by which food is burned in the release of energy
excretion-serperation from the living cell of waste containing nitrogen
reproduction-production of new individuals
evolution of protists
were the first eukaryotic cells
lynn margulis hypothesized that the appearance of the first eukaryote cells cam from a symbiosis of several eukaryotes
endosymbiont hypothesis
characterizing protists (food)
animal like
plant like
fungus like-obtaining food by external digestion-decomposers-parasites
plasmodium
causes malaria and is spread by vectors which are the anopheles mosquito
paramecium
fresh water. surrounded by pellicle. front anterior. back posterior. trichocysts small oval beneath outer covering can be discharged to environment for defence/ anchoring.
P locomotion
ciliates- small hairs ( protoplasmic extensions) work like oars to propel paramecium in a spiral path
ingestion P
food take in at the Oral groove ( indent in paramecium) which leads to the mouth pore then to the funnel like time called the gullet which goes into the paramecium. Cilia in the oral groove drives bacteria into the gullet
P digestion
bacteria made uno a ball at the bottom of the gullet and pass into a food vacuole in the cytoplasm. digestive enzymes break down food in vacuole
egestion P
indigestible solids from food vacuole exit the paramecium from the anal poor
excretion P
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged by diffusion oxygen is used for burning foods and the carbon dioxide water and nitrogen which is urea and ammonia is given off
contractile vacuoles
opposite side of oral groove, one near anterior and one near prosterior. vacuole surrounded by canals. the canals fill with fluid then empty into the vacuole which empties into the surroundings. it controls the water balance and it eliminate its entire volume of water in half an hour
reproduction P CHECK AND CHANGE IF NEED BE
micronucleus-regular shit
micronuclues- reproduction
binary fission-assexual both nuclei elongate and pull apart a constriction forms around each cell and splits them
conjugation-sexual- two paramecium unite at their oral cavities, they first undergo meiosis and they then share their micro nuclei, the macro nuclei degenerates and after the they share their micronuclei the two nuclei in each cell fuse and undergo divisions, the end result is 4 new cells that are all identical but different from their parents
avoidance reaction
p do it. bump into something move back change direction, try that way bump into something else, move back change direction until you can move. avoids things like chemicals, hot water etc, and it does this by testing out the water in mouth
protozoan
kingdom of animal like protists, their zhylumdistinguished by movements -sarcodines, ciliates, sporozoans, zoo flagellates
sarcodines
protozoan-move from temporary protoplasmic projections which are called pseudopods. amoeba is an example to move they extend pseudopod away from them then let the cytoplasm flow into it.
ciliates
small hairlike structures that behave like oars of a boat, they are free living and live in fresh or salt water, cilia line gullet and move food into interior
sporozoans
do not move on their own and are parasitic. they can have complex life cycles wit more than one host
termites and wood
don’t have enzymes to dissolve wood- so they contain trichonympha in their digestive track that contains cellulase that breaks down the cellulose
gairdia
flagellated pathogen that produces microscopic cysts and causes diarrhea and digestive problems and they can only be killed by being boiled in water
entamoeba
parasitic protist that causes amebic dysentery and it lives in the intestines and attacks the walls
steps for ingestion of paramecium
cilia moves food towards oral groove into mouth pore then down gullet
paramecium digestion
food vacuoles fuse with lysosome that supplies the vacuole with digestive enzymes
contractile vacuole
paramecium hypertonic to pond water, contractile vacuoles empty out access water and excrete metabolic waste. they contract 6 times per minute.
gasses in paramecium
O2 and CO2 pass through cell membrane through diffusion
respiration ini paramecium
mitochondria
euglena
move with flagellum facing forwards. it is plantlike and animal like because it is photoheterotrophic. body parts include-flagellum, gullet, resevior, stigma, contractile vacuoles, starch gradual, nucleus, nucleolus,chloroplast, pellicle. anterior is with flagellum and it moves anterior first
amoeba
cell membrane, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food vacuole, contractile vacuole, pseudopod
5 viruses
rabies polio influenza AIDS measles chicken pox small pox
5 bacterial diseases
tetanus toxic shock syndrome acne strep throat leprosy
unique things about protists
they were the first eukaryotic cells and they can be plant like animal like or fungi like. they unicellular and very diverse
protozoan (Zooflagellates)
animal like heterotrophs.
zooflaggelates- move by flagella (long whip like tails). absorb food through membranes , get nutrients from decaying organic matter most asexual some sexual
sarcodines
member of kingdom protozoan move form temporary cytoplasmic projections- pseudopods. amoebas surround food to eat. movement extends pseudopod away and then cytoplasm fills into it
ciliates
small hair like structures that behave like oars and are similar to flagella just way smaller.f they fresh water or sale water and they are free living . PARAMECIUM
sporozoans
do not move on their own. they are parasitic and they have complex life cycles that may involve one or more hosts and example of this is plasmodium which causes malaria in human beans
dinoflagellates
species of luminescent when agitated and give off light they are known as pyrophyta
phytoplankton
are food source for many animals
algal blooms
algae grow in enormous masses that deplete the water of nutrients cells die and decompose which takes out a lot of oxygen
red tide
produce toxins and selfish absorb these toxins and it can kill humans and animals
stages of malaria
- infected mosquito injects human with saliva containing plasmodium
- plasmodium infects liver- reproducing asexually
- liver cells burst and plasmodium infects red blood cells CALLED MEROZITES
- merozites reproduce asexually in red blood cells
- infected red blood cell bursts releasing merozites and gametes
- female anopheles mosquito bites person with malaria and picks up the gametes
- sexual phase of plasmodium life cycle takes place within mosquito then the sporozoites that are produces migrate to the salivary gland
