Unit 1; cell organelles and microscopes Flashcards
characteristics of living things
made up of cells reproduce-copy of hereditary info; genes use DNA as universal genetic code grow and develop obtain and use materials respond to environment homeostasis means evolve over time; population
biosphere then…
bioms, ecosystem, community, population, and finally organism or individual
magnification of drawing
drawing size divided by actual size
low, med, high magnification
low= 4x medium= 10x high=40x the eye piece magnifies 10x so when its on low, 4x 10= 40x magnification
field diameter =
actual size x number across field
what is the number across the field
how many times the drawing can fit across the view; or field diameter. to find you’d put the image in the microscope to the edge of the view and estimate how many times it will go across.
cell theory
all living things contain cells
cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms
new cells are created from old cells
prokaryotes
smaller simpler cells such as bacteria that have no nucleus. the genetic material is just in the cell. these cells evolved before the nucleus
eukaryotes
more complex and larger cells with specialized functions; organelles. they contain a nucleus which contains the genetic information.there is greater variety of eukaryotes like single cellular or multicellular organisms.
organelle
specialized structures living in a cell that preform the different functions necessary to the cells survival needs.
cytoplasm
material outside of the nucleus
nuclear envolope
nuclear membrane. double lipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus
chromatin
material that chromosomes are made out of; protein RNA DNA
chromosome
threadlike structure made of nucleic acid and protein. carries the genetic info in the form of genes
nucleolus
small dense sphere in the nucleus of a cell that makes ribosomes
ribosomes
small particles of RNA and protein. which produce protein by following coded instruction from the nucleus. like a small little protein factory. located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and also in the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
ER. it is an internal membrane system where the lipid components of the cell are assembled and proteins.
two types of ER, rough er and smooth er.
rough er; synthesis of proteins because ribosomes are on the surface, assembly of proteins
smooth er; no ribosomes on surface. contains a collection of enzymes that preform specialized tasks.
golgi apparatus
proteins from rough er move in to it and it modifies, sorts and packages the portions for stories and secretion out side of the cell
lysosomes
filled with enzymes that digest, or break down lipids carbohydrates and proteins in the cell that are not needed. it cleans up the cell
vacuoles
storage; water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates. there are bigger vacuoles in plant cells.
mitochondria
converts chemical energy stored in food into usable energy, literally the powerhouse of the cell… but it contains its own DNA
chloroplasts
found in PLANTS. they capture the suns energy and convert it into chemical energy through a process of photosynthesis. contains its own DNA
cytoskeleton
supporting structure of the cell. involved in cell movement and transportation. composed of two protein filaments; microfilaments and microtubules
microfilaments
threadlike structure made of the protein actin and are a rough flexible structure. they help the cell move; assembly and disassembly help in movement.
microtubules
hollow structures made of the protein tubular. they maintain the cells shape. and they help with cell division by forming mitotic spindle which helps to separate chromosomes.
organelles rarely found in plant cells
lysosomes are found in animal cells however they are rarely found in plant cells. they contain hydrolytic enzymes however those are found in vacuoles of plant cells.
antibody
chemotherapy
extracellular
against body
chemical therapy
beyond cell, outside of cell
photosynthesis
spermatogenesis
taxonomy
making with light
seed production,process of making sperm
arrangement law, rules for classifying
zoology
interphase
exoskeleton
the study of animals
between phases or time
skeleton on the outside of the body
endocytosis
osteopathology
cardiograph
within the cell workings
the study of bone abnormalities and diseases
heart write, written record of your heart rate
botany
the study of plants
paleontologists
the study of ancient fossils and remains
light microscopes
focus light rays
electron microscopes
focus beams of electrons, there are two main types TEMS AND SEMS
SEM
type of electron microscope that scans a narrow beam of electrons back and forth across the surface, they show 3D images of the surface
TEM
type of electron microscope that shines a beam of electrons through the specimen and the image shows a detailed view of whats inside the cell.
9 cm is how many micro meters
90000 micro meters, you go to the right with the decimal
56 micro meters is how many cm
.0056 cm you go to the left because micro meters are smaller than cm and it wouldn’t make sense to go to the right.
actual size=
field diameter divided by number across field
drawing size =
magnification multiplied by actual size
iris diaphragm
it is the little thing that controls the amount of light going on to the specimen you are observing it is like your iris
two things you must do when you want to find an object under high power
first put it onto low power, focus and centre it then move to medium centre and focus then proceed to high power
similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
they both have a cell membrane and contain DNA
difference between plant and animal cells
plant cells have a cell wall and contain chloroplasts, they also have larger vacuoles, while animal cells contain centrioles.
special info about vacuoles
larger in plant cells and small in animal cells it contains a membrane made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS
plastid
plant organelles that may store starch or pigments; manufacture and store important chemicals
cilium
short threadlike structure that helps unicellular organisms move( swim rapidly thru liquid) microtubules help make them
centrioles
NOT IN PLANTS. they are located near the nucleus and help with cell division
microtubules (extra)
help in formation of centrioles and cell division
complex network of channels
endoplasmic reticulum
