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Biology 11 > cnidarians, Porifera, platyhelminthes > Flashcards

cnidarians, Porifera, platyhelminthes Flashcards

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1
Q

evolutionary cladogram

A 
sponge
-tissue 
-radial symmetry
cnidarians
-protostome
-three cell layers 
flat worm
-psuedocoloem
round worms
-coloem 
mollusk
annelids
anthropoids
-deuterostome
chordates
-radial symmetry
echinoderms
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2
Q

difference between protostome and deuterostome

A

the blastopore in the blastula develops into the mouth for protostomes and the blastopore in deuterostomes develops into the anus and the mouth develops second

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3
Q

porifera characteristics and role

A

-loose collection of cells
-filter feeders
-no mouth gullet or specialized tissue
role
-symbiotic relationships with bacteria and protists
-food for fish
-chemicals secreted can be used as antibiotics and antiviral drugs

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4
Q

sponge cells

A

osculum- hole at the top
central cavity-middle
pore cell- surrounds pore
choanocyte-use flagella to move water and take in food
spicule- skeleton
archaeocyte- make spicules and digest food
epidermal cell-outside cell

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5
Q

animal characteristics 7

A

-heterotrophs -eukaryotic -multicellular with no cell walls -reproduce sexually -respond to stimuli quickly due to nerve and muscle cells -movile -veterbrates or inter vertebrates

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6
Q

division of labor

A

cells become specialized and must do the 8 life activities

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7
Q

trends in evolution

A
  1. tissue-organ-system
  2. anterior, and posterior. a dorsal and ventral surface.
  3. radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry
  4. cephalization-nerve cells grow in ganglia and create the brain
  5. body plan- tube within a tube
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8
Q

cnidarians or coelenterates (8)

A
  • ingests and egests through mouth
  • radial symmetry
  • tentacles with nematocysts
  • tissue
  • two cell layers (ectoderm/ endoderm)
  • hermaphrodite
  • gvc
  • polyp and medusa phase
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9
Q

classes of cnidarians

A

hydrozoa- (hydra) spend most of their life as polyp and short stage as medusa
scyphozoa- jellyfish - large medusa phase
anthozoa- coral and only have polyp stage in life

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10
Q

hydra

A

sticks to rocks with basal disk has two cell lakers -and there is mesoglea between the two layers which gives rise to nerve cells

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11
Q

hydra (feeding)

A

nematocyst (only discharged once) (inside nematocyst) is injected into prey and numb it. tentacles wrap around the prey and pull it into the mouth and GVC

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12
Q

hydra (digestion)

A

GVC gland cells secrete digestive enzymes and break down food in extra cellular digestion. then amoeboid cells take food into food vacuoles in intracellular digestion.

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13
Q

hydra (reproduction)

A

asexual reproduction-budding- GVC is continuous throughout adult and bud.
sexual reproduction-testes and ovaries bulge out (like a bud). ripened eggs grow and break through surface then sperm fertilizes the egg. the egg develops into a grastula, hardens and drops off.

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14
Q

hydra (behaviour)

A

nerve net is more concentrated at mouth.it has no brain.and the nerve cells arise in the mesoglea. the whole body responds to stimuli when muscle cells contract or expand bodies move. stimuli received by sensory cells which send impulses to nerve net then to muscle or gland cells

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15
Q

hydra (locomotion)

A

basal disc- creeping amoeboid cells or move by somersaulting motion

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16
Q

hydra excretion

A

diffuse into water or GVC

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17
Q

hydra secretion

A

gland cells secret enzymes in GVC

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18
Q

hydra respiration

A

diffusing oxygen and carbon dioxide

19
Q

obelia

A

repeated budding- an individual colony is a polyp that are protected by a horny covering (similar to hydra)

20
Q

obelia (feeding)

A

same as hydra with tentacles and nematocysts

21
Q

obelia (reproduction)

A

asexual budding
sexual reproduction- there are feeding polyps and reproductive polyps with no tentacles that just make little medusas. medusa has 4 gonads which are either male or female. it sheds its sperm or eggs and the egg will get fertilized and develop into a ciliated lark and settle on a rock and start a new colony.

22
Q

coral reefs

A

provide homes for food and shells and protect the land from waves, they can show humans where oil is and they can be used to make homes and filter water.

23
Q

aurelia

A

very long medusa stage- scyphozoa

24
Q

alternation of generations

A

alternating between asexual(budding polyp) and medusa(sexual)

25
Q

life activities for cnidarians

A 
ingestion- nematocysts with tentacles
digestions- gland cells secrete enzymes into GVC and break down prey (extracellular) then amoeboid cells develop food vacuoles and digest the prey (intracellular)
egestion-out mouth
excretion-diffuse into water or GVC
Secretion-gland cells in gcc
locomotion- wiggle- medusa swim
reproduction-sexual and asexual 
metabolism- chemical reactions
26
Q

platyhelminthes

A

flat worm with three layers and have bilateral symmetry. cephalization, hermaphrodites, have a mesoderm containing organs but it is isolated from the environment , the compensation is being flat having a branched GVC and flame cells.

27
Q

planaria (body plan)

A

mesoderm in the middle, organ level of organization

28
Q

planaria (digestion)

A

mouth is in the middle of the ventral surface where the pharynx protrudes out of the mouth, it is made of muscle and gland cells and it is inserted into prey (small animal or dead animal) and it secreted enzymes to soften the prey then digest it. digestion is the same as hydra it has a GVC uses extracellular and intracellular digestion

29
Q

planaria (excretion)

A

ectoderm and endoderm just diffuse into environment but mesoderm requires flame cells. cilia beats and body fli=uid is drawn into the flame cells, passed through the excretory canal and out the excretory pore, they are analogous to contractile vacuoles.

30
Q

planaria (reproduction)

A

ovaries and testies are in the mesoderm (hermaphrodites) cross fertilization can occur. yolk glands nourish eggs. penis extends into genital chamber and transfers sperm for mating- the copulatory sac is where the egg is fertilized and then released in the water where eggs will hatch.
ovary attached to oviduct, with yolk glands along and testies which runs along the sperm duct. theres the copulatory sac, then penis then genital chamber and finally genital pore.

31
Q

planaria (nervous system)

A

central nervous system. cephalization has occurred and the nerves grow in a ganglia at the eyes creating a brain. there are two nerve cords that run the length of the body with ladder rungs, and near the head branch out into the sensory lobes. Their eyes are filled with pigment in all but one directions so they can detect the direction of light.

32
Q

tapeworm

A

long flat and feed on intestines of animals. the beef tapeworm which is similar to to the pig tapeworm has four suckers and a ring of hooks on the scolex. behind the head is a growing region which produces proglottids. the worm is covered in a waxy cuticle.

33
Q

tapeworm (reproduction)

A

in mesoderm and same proglottid, male and female genitals develop, eggs can be fertilized from the sperm and move into the uterus. when the uterus is full and contains rip eggs, it becomes branched and overwhelms the proglottid. this is known as a gravid proglottid. bellow the ovaries lies the shell gland and the yolk gland.

34
Q

tapeworm (life cycle)

A

man eats grass with feces. six hooked embryo bores its way into a blood vessel and travels to a muscle and in the muscle a bladder worm grows with an inverted head. then when inside the intestine of a human its head will poke out and attach to the wall of the intestines and live and produce proglottids that contain new embryos.

35
Q

final host

intermediate host

A

final host- sexually mature

intermediate host- young stages

36
Q

flukes

A

can be internal or external. not hermaphroditic.

37
Q

blood fluke

A

shostosomas- not hermaphroditic, live in the blood vessels and feed on blood. lay eggs in blood vessel when they mature they burst the blood vessel and head to the intestine where they are egested in feces into water. ciliated MIRACIDIUM larva feeds on snail. sac called sporocyst produces CERARIAS which can swim and infect humans through their skin.

38
Q

chinese liver fluke

A

hermaphrodite. has two suckers (ventral and oral) the adult is two centimetres long. it has a protective cuticle surrounding it. the eggs get into intestines and then out into the water through faces. a snail ingests the miracidium (as an egg) and it goes into the tissue of the snail and forms into a sporocyst which produces Redia asexual and one Redia produces many CERCARIAS- which attach to, and get in the muscle of fish, then a human consumes a raw fish and the young fluke emerges from capsule and goes through bile ducts towards the liver.

39
Q

order of tape worm

A
  1. adult attaches to final host
  2. mature proglottid
  3. fertilization
  4. gravid proglottid
  5. elimination
  6. egg in feed or grass
  7. ingested by intermediate host
  8. 6 hooked larva
  9. encysted bladder worm
40
Q

platyhelmithes evolutionary advancements

A

bilateral symmetry

cephalization

41
Q

platyhelminthes characteristics 7

A 
flat
3 cell layers
highly branched GVC
hermaphrodites
organs
cephalization
flame cells
42
Q

classes of platyhelmithes

A

cestoda- tape worm

  • flat parasitic , head with suckers and hooks
  • have a protective cuticle
  • no GVC
  • never kill host
  • several hosts

turbellaria- planaria

  • free living not parasitic
  • come in different form/ colours
  • cross eyed live in fresh water.

tematoda- flukes

  • parasitic
  • complex life cycles
  • external or external
  • include several hosts
43
Q

order of parts of a fluke

A 
oral sucker
esophagus
intestine
genital opening
ventral sucker
uterus
vas deferens
ovary
oviduct
testes

Biology 11 (10 decks)

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