Unit 4 MCQ Flashcards
Psychoanalytic
Freud’s perspective
Believed that every problem had an unconscious motive (the person was unaware of it).
The goal was to tap into the unconscious mind and make people realize what was causing them problems.
Humanistic
Unlike Freud, who viewed the personality as negative, Humanistic Psychologists Maslow and Rogers viewed the personality as a positive thing.
The Trait Perspective
Your personality isn’t one thing, it’s made up of many personality traits. This perspective was created by Gordon Allport.
Examples of Traits:
Honest
Dependable
Moody
Impulsive
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Perspective that combines thinking and your situation in helping to shape your personality.
Albert Bandura was one of the founding members of this perspective.
Reciprocal Determinism:
Three factors: behavior, cognition, and environment, each affect each other in a continual cycle.
ID
unconscious part of the personality that does what you want, and does not worry about what others think.
Ego
Known as the “executive”, is the mediator between the ID and Superego and decides which one to act on.
Superego
Part of the personality that worries about what others think, and acts based on the expectations of society and others.
Defense Mechanisms:
Repression
Something causes you anxiety so you…
unconsciously block the memory out of your brain (forget it)
Defense Mechanisms:
Regression
Something causes you anxiety so you…
act like a person of a younger age
Defense Mechanisms:
Reaction Formation
Something causes you anxiety so you…
tell people you feel the exact opposite of how you actually feel
Defense Mechanisms:
Projection
Something causes you anxiety so you…
point out the unwanted trait in others
Defense Mechanisms:
Rationalization
Something causes you anxiety so you…
state your problem in a way that sounds better, rather than stating it how it actually is
Defense Mechanisms:
Displacement
Something causes you anxiety so you…
take out your frustration on someone who doesn’t deserve it
Defense Mechanisms:
Sublimation
Something causes you anxiety so you…
transfer unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors
Defense Mechanisms:
Denial
Something causes you anxiety so you…
refuse to believe painful realities.
Which perspective would use Projective Tests?
Psychoanalytic
Projective Tests:
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Look at an ambiguous (unclear) picture and create a story around it.
Projective Tests:
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Stare at an inkblot and say the first thing that comes to your mind.
What is a Personality Inventory?
Another name for a personality test
How does Factor Analysis work?
Everything gets averaged
Today most Trait Psychologists believe you have 5 personality traits.
- Conscientiousness:
How organized, careful, and disciplined you are. - Agreeableness: How willing you are to cooperate or go along with others.
- Neuroticism (Opposite is Emotional Stability): How often you show negative emotions
- Openness: How willing you are to try new experiences or go out of your comfort zone.
- Extraversion: How loud and outgoing you are
-These traits are stable into adulthood, but can change.
-50% Nature, 50% Nurture
-These traits exist in every culture around the world
-These traits can help predict people’s behavior in situations
What is at the top of Maslow’s Pyramid?
Self Transcendence
What does the term Unconditional Positive Regard mean?
Carl Rogers believed that to be the best, you must accept others no matter what they do to you
Maslow’s Hierachy Pyramid
physiological needs–>Safety and security–>love and belonging–>self esteem–>self actualization–>self transcendence
Reciprocal Determinism
Three factors: behavior, cognition, and environment, each affect each other in a continual cycle.
What person do we associate with the Social Cognitive Perspective?
Albert Bandura
Internal Locus of Control:
You believe you have control over your own future/destiny.
External Locus of Control:
You believe your future or destiny is out of your control.
Self Efficacy
A belief in yourself and your abilities.
Defensive Self-Esteem:
Self-Serving Bias:
High Self-Esteem created by putting others down.
Secure Self-Esteem:
Self-Serving Bias:
High Self-Esteem that is less fragile because it is not created at the expense of others.
Fundamental attribution error
The human tendency to overestimate a person’s disposition (who they are) and underestimate the situation in analyzing behaviors is known as the ____________ ____________ ________.
Ex: Blame it on person rather then the situation - most common “default” thought process.
Actor-observer bias
The _______-________ ______ is the idea that you are more likely to blame your own behavior on the situation.
Ex. You cut someone off while driving in a hurry, you think its okay that its based on the situation, but when someone else cuts you off you blame them.
Central route of persuasion:
Convincing someone to do something with facts.
Peripheral route to persuasion:
Convincing someone to do something with anything but facts.
Solomn Asch-Line Length- (Group Conformity):
Subject was placed in room with 5 other confederates. They all said the wrong answer and the subject would agree even if they knew it was the wrong answer.
Conforming (conformity)
Obeying (Obidience)
When we follow the behvaior of other humans we are ____________, when we comply with an authority figure we are __________.
Normative Social Influence (Conformity)
People conform for two main reasons. Either they do it to gain the approval of the group or avoid rejection.
Informative Social Infuence (Conformity)
They also might confirm because the group may be right or have valuable information
just-world phenomenon
The ________-________ ______________ is the tendency for people to believe that the works is just fair (or fair) and that people get what they deserve.
Cognitive Dissonance
Tensions that exists when our actions and attitudes don’t match is know as _________ _____________. We often try to adjust our attitude to match our actions.
Deindividuation
When individuals lose their sense of self-awareness and self-control when they are in a large group is known as __________________. This can lead to riots.
Ex. Vanderbilt vs Alabama
Group Polarization
When members of a group tend to think alike their opinions will strengthen with more time they spend together, this is known as ________ ________________.
Sports Teams
Groupthink
_____________ refers to a situation where people will try to keep harmony in a group and will lose sight of realistic alternatives to their thinking.
Ex. Toilet Paper teachers house, thinks its a bad idea, but still do it anyways.
Social Loafing
__________ ____________ refers to when an individual in a group shows less effort then if he or she were doing it individually.
Ex. High school group projects
halo effect
When we generalize positive qualities to other aspects.
He’s good at football, so he would be good at poetry too right?
The Psychology of attraction:
1._____________
2._____________
3._____________
Proximity
Physical attractiveness
Similarity
The mere exposure effect:
The more you see someone the more you like them.
Alturism
An unselfish regard for others is known as ________________.
Foot in the door phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later request is known as the _________ __ ___ ________ _______________.
Ex. Parents say yes to something that is $150, but then you get them to agree to $200 beacue it’s only $50 more.
Door in the foot phenomenon
The tendency for people that have denied a large request to then to then agree to a smaller request is known as the ______ __ ____ ______ _____________.
Ex. Saying a suit is $600 dollars, you don’t plan to buy but then get bought a $300 one because it seems better then the more expensive one.
Reciprocity Norm
The ________ ______ is the expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us.
Collectavist
__________ cultures (like Japan) stress conformity or ties to others
Individualist
whole _____________ cultures (like USA) stress uniqueness and standing out.
Ethnocentrism
If you belive your culture is superior to anyone else’s culture that is known as ______________.
A persons _________ is anyone that is not included in a in-group. The _____________ __________ refers to the tendency to favor your own group. The tendency to believe your ingroup is more diverse than your outgroup is known as ____________ ______________.
Outgroup
Ingroup Bias
Outgroup Homogeneity
The ______-_______ ________ refers to the tendency of any given bystander (witness) to be less likely to give aid or help out if other bystanders are present.
Why does this happen?
_________ ____ ___________: someone else will help/_________ _____________: no one seems concerned so it must not be an emergency.
By-stander effect
Diffusion of responsibility
Pluralistic Ignorance
Superordinate goals
Teams often have _____________ ________, which are shared goals that often can go above individual differences.
Self fulling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called a _________ ________ _________.
Arousal and Performance (Yerkes Dotson Law)
Being moderately emotional (moderate arousal) is typically best when completing tasks. (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
Display Rules of Emotion
Display Rules of Emotion are cultural norms of how to express yourself (Ex: some cultures smile more than others.)
Facial Feedback Effect
The face you are making determines the mood that you are in. (Facial Feedback Effect.)
Behavior Feedback Effect
The Behavior Feedback Effect says your body language and behavior can affect your mood.
Broaden and Build Theory
The Broaden and Build Theory states that positive emotions increase our awareness which over time helps build new and meaningful skills that improve our well-being.
Emotions without thinking
Sometimes emotions are felt without thinking about them first. When this is the case it usually starts in the Amygdala in the brain. (Low road to emotion - Joseph Ledoux)
Emotions with thinking
Sometimes thinking needs to happen before you feel a particular emotion. When this is the case your frontal lobe is typically the first part of your brain to be active. (High Road to emotion)
Instinct Theory
Motivation is something that all organisms are born with. (Tinbergen, 1951).
Drive Reduction
The goal of drive reduction theory is homeostasis: where all of your needs are met, but not over met.
Need (food, water, etc) ——->
Drive (hunger, thirst, etc)—–>
Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking, etc)
Incentive Theory
Drives are your bodies way of motivating you (eating food because you are hungry), while incentives are Psychological ways your mind motivates you (eating because food looks good).
Optimum Arousal
Organisms are motivated to have the most excitement possible. Young monkeys and children and known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive.
Sensation Seeking Theory
We are pushed by:
–Experience Seeking (new experiences)
–Thrill or Adventure Seeking (exciting)
–Disinhibition (Inability to withhold unwanted or inappropriate behavior)
–Boredom Susceptibility (Inability to deal with being bored)
Lewin’s Motivation Theory
We all deal with conflicts and try to resolve them:
–Approach-Approach Conflict (choosing between two good choices)
–Approach-Avoidance Conflict (choosing to do or not do something that has positives and negatives)
–Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict (choosing between two bad choices)
Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. (more too)
Set-Point of Theory
Theory that your brain will make you hungry when you need food and will make you feel full when you don’t.
Industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology:
Personnel Psychology:
Studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers.
Industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology:
Organizational Psychology:
Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.
