Set 0: Perspectives & Research Methods Flashcards
The Brain
Neuroscience (Biological)
How humans and animals evolved over a LONG period of time
Darwin, Evolution, Natural Selection,
Evolutionary (Biological)
Your inborn traits (nature) vs your learned experiences (nurture)
Behavior Genetics (Biological)
The Unconscious
Unconscious, Freud
Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic
LEARNING through behavior, not thinking
Learning, rewards, punishments, skinner, poview, watson
Behavioral
Emphasis on THINKING not behavior
Thinking, memory, intelligence, language
Cognitive
The impact your culture or area has on your thinking and behavior
Any time you get an example where they show persons heritage/area impacting them
Social-Cultural
Free will, love, acceptance, being the best you can be (HIPPY)
Free will, healthy growth potential, Maslow, Rodgers
Humanistic
Many people believe that they can rely in their _________ and __________ __________, but these methods can lead to wrong conclusions, this Psychology is needed.
intuition, common sense
When people believe that they could have predicted the outcome of an event after it has happened is known as _________ _________.
Ex: After the bucks won the championship back in 2021, Me saying that I knew that all along
Hindsight Bias
When someone thinks they know more then they actually do is known as _____________.
Ex: Me thinking I could have solved the anagrams in under a minute: TAEWR = WATER
Overconfidence
The scientific attitude of _______ (passion to explore), _________ (doubting and questioning), and _______ (ability to accept responsibility when wrong).
Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility
_________ __________ does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly.
Critical Thinking
A ______ is an explanation that connects, organizes and predicts behavior or events.
Theory
A ___________ is a testable prediction often set up by a theory. It allows us to reject, or revise our theory.
Hypothesis
The degree to which is a study can be disproven is called its levels of _____________.
Falsfibility
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of __________ (what we do) and __________ _________ (inner thoughts and feelings).
Behavior, mental processes
Sometimes researchers will start with a ____ ____________ which is a prediction that there is no relationship between the two variable being studied.
Null Hypothesis
Through _______ we can test our hypothesis.
Running a experiment: _____
Case study, survey, naturalistic observation, correlations: _____
Research
Experimental
Non-experimental
A good __________ __________ gives a specific measurable quantity to a variable so that others can repeat a study, known as __________.
Operational Definition
Replication
A _____ _______ is a technique where one person is studied in depth.
Case study
A ______ is a technique of questioning a representative sample of people to find out: attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.
Survey
The _______ ________ refers to the fact that the way a survey is worded can effect how people answer it.
Wording effect
The _______-________ _______ happens when people don’t accurately report or remember their behavior.
Self-report bias
If you overestimate the extent to which others are similar to you are using the _______ ____________ ________.
False consensus effect
Whole group to be studied = ______________________
The actual people studied = ______________________
If everyone has an equal chance to be studied = _________________
Population
Sample
Random Sample
__________ ______ occurs when an experimenter has a sample group that doesn’t exist. A good sample should allow you to __________ that the findings you discovered in the lab will also apply to the outside world.
Sampling bias
Generalize
When you break apart your sample by some predetermined important criteria first (age, race, gender) and then we do a random sample we call a ______________ _________.
Stratified sample
When you observe and report about animals or humans in their natural environments it Is known as ___________ ________.
Naturalistic observation
______ __________ consist of experts in the field who can look over your work for originality and accuracy.
Peer reviewers
When one trait or behavior pairs with another we say the two _________.
Correlate
We represent correlations lie this: R= +0.37 or R= -0.65
R= __________ _____________
(+) or (-) = ____________ ____________ __ _____________
Number= __________ ___________ ___ _____________.
Correlation coefficient
Indicate direction of relationship
Indicates strength of relationship
A ___________ is a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables.
Scatterplot
The ____ _________ _________ occurs when there is a variable we aren’t aware of that is affecting two other variable, making it look like there is a relationship between them.
3rd Variable Problem
WARNING: Just because you have found a ____________ between 2 things doesn’t mean that one necessarily caused the other.
Correlation
Beleving a relationship between two variables where no relationship actually exists is known as ________ __________.
Illusory correlation
BE CAREFUL: Given random data we may try to look for ______________ _____________ even when there aren’t any! Remember, given large numbers of random outcomes it may give the illusion of order. Eventually any unusal occurrences will even out over time. The phenomenon is known as _________ ________ ___ ________.
Meaningful patterns
Regression towards the mean
__________ are the backbone of psychological research because through it we can try to find cause and effect relationships.
Experiments
In experimentation we separate our groups into the __________, the groups receiving the drug/treatment and _________, the group not receiving the drug/treatment. Everything else stays the same.
Experimental
Control
An ___________ __________ is the factor that we manipulate. The
that factor may change because of the ________ _________ is known as the ________ _________.
Independent Variable
Independent Variable
Dependant Variable
__________ __________: Number based results
__________ __________: Not number based, narrative based
Quantitative Results
Qualitative Results
Only two variables that should be present during the experiment, the IV and DV. A variable that we don’t want to show up is called a __________ variable.
Confounding
The people in the control group are different in some way from the experimental group are called _______-_________ _________ ____________.
EX: First 50 people vs last 50 people
The situation the control group goes through than the experimental group goes through are called a __________-________ __________ __________.
EX: Distractions, time of day, environment
Participant-relevant confounding variables
Situation-relevant confounding variables
Many things can ruin the results of an experiment. A few of these include the __________ _________: The subjects believe in the experiment will work, so their minds make it work,
________ _________: The person running the experiment affect the results in a way that benefits them,
______ _________ _______: The participant in an experiment acts like they believe they are “supposed to act”,
___________ ___________: People change their behavior just because they know that they are being watched.
Placebo effect
Experimenter Bias
Social Desirability Bias
Hawthorne Effect
The goal is to make your results ___________ meaning what you found in the lab applies to people outside of your lab.
Generalizable
_______-________ ________: The subject doesn’t know what group they are in.
_______-________ ________: The subject and experimenter doesn’t know which group each subject is in.
Single-blind procedure
Double-blind procedure
By using ________ _________, which means giving each person an equal chance to be in either group, it will allow for the best results.
Random assignment
Stats that represent the data you found (mean, median, mode, range, histogram, percentile rank, etc)
Stats predict how generalizable your numbers are / statistical significance, p value, etc
Descriptive Status
Inferential Status
A _______ is a bar graph that examines the results of a study.
Histogram
A ___________ _____ is a measure of the percent of scores lower than the given score.
Percentile rank
Measures of _________ _________:
Mean: Average
Median: Middle Number
Mode: Most Frequently Used
Central Tendency
A ________ _________ occurs when you scores lack symmetry. YOu have too high or too low of outliers.
Skewed distribution
Measures of _________:
Range: Difference of highest/lowest scores
Standard Deviation: A computed measure of how scores vary about the mean
Variance: Standard Deviation Squared
Variation
When is an observed difference reliable?
-People you chose aren’t bias/represent general population
-The greater the sample size, the better
-More studies done in the area the better: Meta analysis; combining results of different studies together.
