Set 5: Perception Flashcards
Perception
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, which enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
Selective Attention
Perceptions about objects change from moment to moment. We can perceive different forms of the Necker cube; however, we can only pay attention to one aspect of the object at a time.
The Cocktail Party Effect
This can happen due to Sequential Processing when you are only processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time.
Inattentional Blindness
Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst.
Change blindness
form of inattentional blindness in which something is seen, but changes, and the person can’t notice the change.
Gestalt Psychologists
study how we take all of our experiences and make a “whole” perception.
Figure
What you’re concentrating on
Ground
Everything in the background
Proximity
Close things are grouped together
Similarity
Similar things are grouped together
Closure
Things that are almost finished are “finished” by the mind.
Depth perception - infants
enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. This proved this by using the visual cliff.
Binocular Cues - _________________________
Retinal disparity
Retinal disparity: A human’s two retinas send the brain two different pictures. The brain tells the slight differences between the two pictures and judges depth.
Binocular Cues
Convergence
When objects are close the eyes move together, when they are far away the eyes spread apart. This sends info to the brain about how close or far an object is.
Monocular Cues - _________________________
Relative Size
If two objects look alike, the bigger one seems closer
Monocular Cues
Interposition
An object that blocks another object seems like it’s closer.
Monocular Cues
Relative Clarity
Clear things seem close, fuzzy things seem far away.
Monocular Cues
Texture Gradient
Detailed things seem close, non-detailed things seem far away.
Monocular Cues
Linear Perspective
Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. The closer the lines appear to be the further away it seems.
Motion Perception
Objects traveling toward us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.
Stroboscopic Movement
is an illusion of continuous movement from looking at a rapid series of slightly varying still images
Phi Phenomenon
When lights flash at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion perception.
Autokinetic Effect
The Autokinetic Effect explains that when in a dark room a still light will seem to move.
Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size.
when a door opens we know it is opening and not changing sizes
Size Constancy
The size of objects tend to remain the same no matter how close or far away.
Lightness Constancy
The brightness of an object tends to stay the same in every setting.
Color Constancy
The color of an object tends to stay the same in every setting.
Perceptual Interpretation
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. (Perception is inborn. Nature)
John Locke (1632-1704) argued that we learn to perceive the world through our experiences. (Perception is learned. Nurture)
Restored (V)isi(on)
After cataract surgery, blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships, yet they had difficulty distinguishing a circle and a triangle. (Von Senden, 1932)
Facial Recognition
After blind adults regained sight, they were able to recognize distinct features, but were unable to recognize entire faces.
Sensory Deprivation - kittiens
Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars. (Blakemore & Cooper 1970)
Perceptual Adaptation
Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses.
Perceptual Set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures. it leads to hinsight bias. Backword songs
Schemas
Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information.
Children’s schemas for faces develop earlier than other other body parts.
Features on a Face
Face schemas are created by distinct features of the face.
Context Effects
Context can radically alter perception.
Cultural Context
Context instilled by culture also alters perception.
Human Factor Psychologists
design machines that assist our natural perceptions.
extrasensory perception (ESP)
Perception without imput is called? A large percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP.
