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AP Psychology > Set 7: Memory > Flashcards

Set 7: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve information

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2
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

the phenomenon that most of us don’t have any memories of our first four years of life.

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3
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory called flashbulb memory. However, this memory is not free from errors.

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4
Q

Stages of Memory

A

Encoding–>Storage–>Retrieval

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5
Q

Multi-Store Model

A

Sensory Memory –> Short-Term Memory —> Long-Term Memory

SM (Pay attention) ST (Rehearse, repetition, also called Memory Consolidation) LT

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6
Q

Problems with Multi-Store Model

A
  1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.
  2. The nature of short-term memory is more complex.
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7
Q

Working Memory

A

Sensory Memory–>Working Memory–>Long-Term Memory

Alan Baddeley (2002) proposed that short-term memory was more important than that. He came up with a new model and changed the term short-term to working memory.

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8
Q

Central Executive

A

One component of the working model is the Central Executive, which is basically YOU choosing what to focus on.

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9
Q

Phonological Loop

A

When you want to remember you use the Phonological Loop, which means repeating things over and over that you’ve heard to try to remember them.

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10
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

You also use your visuospatial sketchpad which is knowing where objects are in space.

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11
Q

Automatic Processing

A

We process an enormous amount of information effortless such as the following:
1. Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.
2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.
3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.

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12
Q

Semantic Memory

A

A memory based on a definition.
Ex: Knowing what a chair is.

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13
Q

Procedural Memory

A

A memory based on the order that it takes to complete a task
Ex: Tying Shoes

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14
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Remembering an exact event (like an episode of a TV show).
Ex: Remembering your 5th grade birthday party

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15
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Any memory that you have that is of a life event of yours is called an Autobiographical Memory.

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16
Q

Spacing Effect

A

The Spacing Effect is the fact that we remember more when we study in small bursts rather than all at once.

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17
Q

Massed Practice.

A

When you try to cram study for something all at once we call that Massed Practice.

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18
Q

Distributed Practice

A

When you try to study a little bit at a time it’s called Distributed Practice.

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19
Q

Serial Position Effect.

A

We tend to remember information at the beginning of the list and at the end of a list.

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20
Q

Primacy Effect

A

When we remember the first few items we call that the Primacy Effect.

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21
Q

Recency Effect

A

When we remember the last few items we call that the Recency Effect.

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22
Q

Testing Effect.

A

If you quiz yourself on the content as you are reviewing (flashcards/quizlet/practice tests) that will help you remember it better than just re-reading it.

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23
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A

The Levels of Processing Model of memory says that there are three levels that you can memorize something on. The higher the level, the more likely you will keep the memory.

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24
Q

Levels of Processing Model:

Level 1: Structural Processing

A

How a word is spelled or looks

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25
Q

Levels of Processing Model:

Level 2: Phonemic Processing

A

By the way a word sounds

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26
Q

Levels of Processing Model:

Level 3: Semantic Processing

A

Remembering a word by definition

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27
Q

Mnemonics

A

Mnemonics are tricks you can use to help your memory.

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28
Q

Method of Loci

A

Visualize each item in a different room in your house.

29
Q

Chunking

A

Putting items into meaningful unit

30
Q

Hierarchy

A

Making different levels and sublevels of categories (flow chart)

31
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about your own thinking

32
Q

Interleaving

A

Connecting the thing you are studying with other topics you already know

33
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Capacity:
Unlimited

Duration:
Depends on sense, but in essence, a split second

Notes:
Iconic Memory: Sensory Memory for sight
Echoic Memory: Sensory Memory for sound.
Haptic Memory: Sensory Memory for touch.

34
Q

Short Term/Working Memory

A

Capacity:
5-9

Duration:
20 seconds

35
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Capacity:
Unlimited

Duration:
Could be forever

Notes:
Ebbinghaus Curve - You forget most of what you learn, but what sticks stays for A LONG time.

36
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Current research into memories links them with the strengthening of synapses between neurons, and particularly to the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

37
Q

Stress Hormones & Memory

A

A little stress is good for storing memories, but too much stress is not.

38
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

When you remember everything before a certain event, but cannot form new memories after. (Guy in Car accident video)

39
Q

Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory):

A

Memories that you can state and prove you know. (ex: who is the first president?)

40
Q

Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative Memory):

A

Memories that you must do an action to prove. (ex: snowboarding).

41
Q

Hippocampus and Frontal Lobe

A

neural centers that processes explicit memories.

42
Q

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

A

neural centers that processes implicit memories.

43
Q

What memories can people with Anterograde Amnesia form?

A

People with anterograde Amnesia CANNOT form new explicit memories.

People with anterograde Amnesia CAN form new implicit memories.

44
Q

Retrieval

A

refers to getting information out of the memory store

45
Q

Recognition

A

In recognition, the person must identify an item amongst other choices. (A multiple choice test requires recognition.)

46
Q

Recall

A

In recall, the person must directly retrieve information. (A fill-in-the blank test requires recall.)

47
Q

Relearning

A

In relearning, the individual learns something faster the second time they learn it.

48
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.

Ex. When you think of ‘Firetruck’, you also think of sirens, water, fire, firefighters, hoses, smell, smoke, truck, red.

49
Q

Priming

A

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it. This process is called priming.

Ex. Faces call out

50
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

The state you are in when you learn something (intoxicated, tired, hypnotized) is the best state to retrieve it in.

51
Q

Context dependent Memory

A

You recall things best where you learned them in the first place.

Also known as Encoding Specificity Principle

52
Q

Deja Vu

A

Deja Vu is the feeling of: “I’ve experienced this before.” Most psychologists believe this is just your brain tricking you and recalling a similar experience that you have had in the past.

53
Q

Mood Congruent Memory

A

We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues.

54
Q

Forgetting

A

An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval.

55
Q

Encoding Failure

A

The memory doesn’t even get into your brain.

56
Q

Storage Decay

A

The memory is put into the brain, but it is lost over time. Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve.

57
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

The memory is in your brain, but you don’t know how to get to it. Also known as Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon.

58
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Something old makes you forget something new.

59
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Something new makes you forget something old.

60
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A

People try to block out unwanted memories

61
Q

Repression

A

Freud’s defense mechanism that unconsciously blocked out unwanted memories. (A type of motivated forgetting.)

62
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Inability to remember information from your past.

63
Q

Reconsolidation

A

happens when a stored memory, when retrieved, gets altered before you store it again. It can lead to all kinds of memory issues that we are about to talk about.

64
Q

Memory Construction:
While searching our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent.

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’ memory of an event.

65
Q

Misinformation and Imagination Effects

A

Subjects watched a video of a car crash
Group A: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?

Group B: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

A week later they were asked: “Was there any broken glass?” Group B (smashed into) reported more broken glass than Group A (hit).

66
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).

67
Q

Imagination Inflation Effect

A

The Imagination Inflation Effect is our tendency to think something has happened to you when it’s only been imagined.

68
Q

Constructive Memory

A

We often add our own beliefs and attitudes to fill in gaps in our memory. This is called Constructive Memory.

69
Q

Eyewitness Recall

A

We know that some memories are forgotten, but we also know that humans can “create” memories in their mind that never existed. Therefore, eyewitness testimony should be treated with some skepticism.

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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