UNIT 4: LO4 (Musculoskeletal System) Flashcards
What is the structure of the bone?
Periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow, cartilage, growth plates.
What do osteoblasts do?
They are in cells that ensure calcium phosphate is deposited, oestrogen promotes activity of cell, bone forming cells.
What is the structure of the transverse section of bone and their descriptions?
- Haversian canal - central hole containing blood vessels and nerves
- Osteocytes - bone cells
- Lacunae - spaces within bone that contain living osteocytes
- Lamellae - layers of hard bone
- Canaliculi - tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes
What are the 6 types of joints and where are they?
- Ball and socket - hip, shoulder
- Pivot - neck
- Hinge - elbow, knee
- Sliding/gliding - wrist, ankle
- Saddle - thumb
- Fixed - skull, pelvis
What is the structure of the synovial joint?
- Muscle - contract and relax in pairs to move joint
- Tendon - ties muscle to bones
- Bone
- Ligament - ties individual bones of joint together
- Cartilage
- Synovial capsule - capsule that surround joint between two bones
- Synovial fluid - liquid found inside capsule that lubricates joint to make it move smoothly
What are antagonistic muscles?
Two muscles that move as a pair (each joint needs to work - antagonistic pair), one muscles moves joint in one direction, other in opposite direction.
What is osteoporosis?
A condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and most likely break due to bone osteoclasts being more active than osteoblasts so bone density drops.
What are osteoclasts?
Bone removing cells.
What are the causes of osteoporosis?
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Bad habits in lifestyle
- Coeliac disease
- Being of menopausal age
What are the effects of osteoporosis?
- Loss of bone density
- Increased risk of fractures
- Bone deformity
- Stooped posture
How is osteoporosis monitored?
- Clinical observation (on posture)
- DEXA scan - bone density scan (how strong/weak)
- Blood tests - check oestrogen and vitamin D levels
What is osteoarthritis?
When cartilage lining on joint damaged due to bones rubbing.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
An autoimmune disease where antibodies produced attack synovial membrane of joint - inflammation produced causes breakdown of cartilage and bone.
What are the symptoms of arthritis?
- Inflammation around joints - fluid build up
- Pain/tenderness
- Stiffness
- Weakness
How can arthritis be monitored?
- Clinical observation
- X-rays
- Blood tests - see how many antibodies
What are the treatments for arthritis?
- DMARDs (medication) - work by blocking effects of chemicals released when immune system attacks joints, reduces further damage
- Physio
- Lifestyle changes
- Steroid injections - stop inflammation
- Gadgets/aids e.g. stair lift
What is the periosteum?
- Outer surface of bone
- Thin, dense membrane that contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish bone
What is the compact bone?
- Smooth, very hard, alive, growing
- Made up of: collagen which is protein that provides elasticity and calcium phosphate which is a mineral that adds strength to framework
What is the spongy bone?
- Looks like sponge
- Hard cancellous bone
What is the bone marrow?
- Innermost part of bone
- Like thick jelly
- Makes blood cells and where stem cells are
What is cartilage?
Protective layer that covers end of bones
What are growth plates?
Responsible for growth of bones in height till late teens
