UNIT 4: LO4 (Musculoskeletal System)

Question 1

What is the structure of the bone?

Answer 1

Periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow, cartilage, growth plates.

Question 2

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 2

They are in cells that ensure calcium phosphate is deposited, oestrogen promotes activity of cell, bone forming cells.

Question 3

What is the structure of the transverse section of bone and their descriptions?

Answer 3

• Haversian canal - central hole containing blood vessels and nerves
• Osteocytes - bone cells
• Lacunae - spaces within bone that contain living osteocytes
• Lamellae - layers of hard bone
• Canaliculi - tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes

Question 4

What are the 6 types of joints and where are they?

Answer 4

• Ball and socket - hip, shoulder
• Pivot - neck
• Hinge - elbow, knee
• Sliding/gliding - wrist, ankle
• Saddle - thumb
• Fixed - skull, pelvis

Question 5

What is the structure of the synovial joint?

Answer 5

• Muscle - contract and relax in pairs to move joint
• Tendon - ties muscle to bones
• Bone
• Ligament - ties individual bones of joint together
• Cartilage
• Synovial capsule - capsule that surround joint between two bones
• Synovial fluid - liquid found inside capsule that lubricates joint to make it move smoothly

Question 6

What are antagonistic muscles?

Answer 6

Two muscles that move as a pair (each joint needs to work - antagonistic pair), one muscles moves joint in one direction, other in opposite direction.

Question 7

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 7

A condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and most likely break due to bone osteoclasts being more active than osteoblasts so bone density drops.

Question 8

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 8

Bone removing cells.

Question 9

What are the causes of osteoporosis?

Answer 9

• Sedentary lifestyle
• Bad habits in lifestyle
• Coeliac disease
• Being of menopausal age

Question 10

What are the effects of osteoporosis?

Answer 10

• Loss of bone density
• Increased risk of fractures
• Bone deformity
• Stooped posture

Question 11

How is osteoporosis monitored?

Answer 11

• Clinical observation (on posture)
• DEXA scan - bone density scan (how strong/weak)
• Blood tests - check oestrogen and vitamin D levels

Question 12

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 12

When cartilage lining on joint damaged due to bones rubbing.

Question 13

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 13

An autoimmune disease where antibodies produced attack synovial membrane of joint - inflammation produced causes breakdown of cartilage and bone.

Question 14

What are the symptoms of arthritis?

Answer 14

• Inflammation around joints - fluid build up
• Pain/tenderness
• Stiffness
• Weakness

Question 15

How can arthritis be monitored?

Answer 15

• Clinical observation
• X-rays
• Blood tests - see how many antibodies

Question 16

What are the treatments for arthritis?

Answer 16

• DMARDs (medication) - work by blocking effects of chemicals released when immune system attacks joints, reduces further damage
• Physio
• Lifestyle changes
• Steroid injections - stop inflammation
• Gadgets/aids e.g. stair lift

Question 17

What is the periosteum?

Answer 17

• Outer surface of bone
• Thin, dense membrane that contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish bone

Question 18

What is the compact bone?

Answer 18

• Smooth, very hard, alive, growing
• Made up of: collagen which is protein that provides elasticity and calcium phosphate which is a mineral that adds strength to framework

Question 19

What is the spongy bone?

Answer 19

• Looks like sponge
• Hard cancellous bone

Question 20

What is the bone marrow?

Answer 20

• Innermost part of bone
• Like thick jelly
• Makes blood cells and where stem cells are

Question 21

What is cartilage?

Answer 21

Protective layer that covers end of bones

Question 22

What are growth plates?

Answer 22

Responsible for growth of bones in height till late teens