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Biology Paolina Loubiere > Unit 4 List 1 Evolution PL > Flashcards

Unit 4 List 1 Evolution PL Flashcards

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1
Q

Amino acid sequencing

A

The process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides.

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2
Q

Analogous structure

A

Features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure. They do not derive from a common ancestral feature, and evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of a plant or animal.

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4
Q

Biochemical evidence

A

The use of molecular biology techniques to study the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms, providing crucial insights into evolutionary relationships.

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5
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of patterns of geographic distribution of organisms and the factors that determine those patterns.

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6
Q

Cladogram

A

A branching tree diagram that shows ancestral relationships among organisms.

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7
Q

Common ancestry

A

An ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages.

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8
Q

Descent with modification

A

Passing traits from parent to offspring.

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9
Q

DNA sequencing

A

General laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule.

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10
Q

Electrophoresis

A

A laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge.

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11
Q

Embryo

A

Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants.

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12
Q

Embryology

A

The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilization through to the fetal stage.

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13
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

A diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

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14
Q

Fossil record

A

A collection of fossils documenting the history of life on Earth.

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15
Q

Homologous structure

A

An organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms.

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16
Q

Homology

A

Similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.

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17
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils.

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18
Q

Phenotypic similarity

A

Phenotypic similarity is a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families.

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19
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a kind of organism.

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20
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.

21
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Vestigial structures are features of an organism that are considered to have lost much or all of their original function through evolution.

22
Q

Sedimentary layers

A

Sedimentary layers are distinct strata of sediment that have accumulated over time, forming the Earth’s crust and providing a record of geological history.

23
Q

Adaptation

A

Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.

24
Q

Behavior

A

Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus.

25
Q

Competition

A

Competition is a relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place.

26
Q

Fitness

A

Biological fitness is defined as an organism’s ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring.

27
Q

Gene pool

A

A gene pool refers to the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species.

28
Q

Genetic variation

A

Genetic variation is the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species.

29
Q

Geographic isolation

A

Geographic isolation is a term used to describe the physical separation of populations of organisms from one another due to geographical barriers.

30
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts.

31
Q

Natural selection

A

Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.

32
Q

Phenotypic expression

A

An organism’s phenotypic expression refers to the observable characteristics in an organism that results from the expression of genes.

33
Q

Physiology

A

The study of normal functions of living organisms and their parts. (the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions)

34
Q

Population

A

All the organisms of the same group or species that live in a specific area and are capable of breeding among themselves.

35
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

The inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences.

36
Q

Sexual selection

A

The process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities.

37
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which new species form.

38
Q

Species

A

A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

39
Q

Trait

A

A trait, as related to genetics, is a specific characteristic of an individual.

40
Q

Coevolution

A

The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.

41
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Occurs when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviors, often as solutions to the same problems.

42
Q

Divergent evolution

A

The process by which interbreeding species diverged into two or more evolutionary groups.

43
Q

Founder effect

A

A new colony is started by a few members of the original population.

44
Q

Gene flow

A

Any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.

45
Q

Gene frequency

A

The ratio of the number of a specified allele in a population to the total of all alleles at its genetic locus.

46
Q

Gene pool

A

A gene pool refers to the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species.

47
Q

Genetic drift

A

Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.

48
Q

Geological record

A

Biology Paolina Loubiere (12 decks)

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