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Biology Paolina Loubiere > Unit 3 List 1 DNA PL > Flashcards

Unit 3 List 1 DNA PL Flashcards

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1
Q

Adenine

A

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. (One of the four nucleotide bases)

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2
Q

Amino acid

A

Molecules that combine to form proteins.

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3
Q

Anticodon

A

A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome.

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4
Q

Cell types

A

Cells are broadly categorized into two types: eukaryotic cells, which possess a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus but have a nucleoid region.

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4
Q

Cell differentiaton

A

The process of cells becoming specialized in their structures and function and performing a certain job in the body.

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5
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A pentose (5-carbon sugar) biological molecule. Deoxyribose sugar, along with phosphate, make up the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA.

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5
Q

Cystoplasm

A

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.

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5
Q

Codon

A

A DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid or signaling the termination of protein synthesis.

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

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6
Q

Cytosine

A

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. (One of the four nucleotide bases)

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)

A

A network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move.

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7
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

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8
Q

Double helix

A

A term used to describe the physical structure of DNA.

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell’s cytoplasm.

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9
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

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9
Q

Guanine

A

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. (One of the four nucleotide bases)

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9
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.

10
Q

mRNA

A

A type of RNA found in cells. mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic information needed to make proteins.

10
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment.

10
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

11
Q

Nucleus

A

The structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes.

11
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. (DNA is composed of adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine) (RNA is composed with adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine)

11
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

A double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside.

12
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

A molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses. It is made up of nucleotides, which are ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups.

12
Q

Nucleotide

A

The basic building blocks of nucleic acids. (RNA AND DNA)

12
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information.

13
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein.

14
Q

Phosphate group

A

A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms. Along with sugars and bases, it makes up nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA.

14
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The process that cells use to create proteins The fundamental reaction of protein synthesis is the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid.

14
Q

Polypeptides

A

A continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

15
Q

Ribose

A

An organic compound classified as a monosaccharide, or simple sugar.

15
Q

Ribosome

A

The cellular machinery responsible for making proteins.

16
Q

rRNA

A

A part of the ribosome, or protein builders, of the cell. Ribosomes are responsible for translation, or the process our cells use to make proteins. rRNA are responsible for reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together.

16
Q

Start codon

A

The first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.

17
Q

Stop codon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) in DNA or mRNA that signals halt to protein synthesis in the cell.

17
Q

Transcription

A

The process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA.

18
Q

Thymine

A

A pyrimidine, which means that it is composed of a single ring consisting of 4 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms. Thymine helps stabilize nucleic acid structures. DNA is composed of two strands that twist upon each other to form a double helix. (One of the four nucleotide bases)

19
Q

Translation

A

The process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in mRNA.

19
Q

Uracil

A

Uracil is a nitrogenous base that is a component of RNA. It is used by RNA during the processes of transcription and translation within cells.

19
Q

tRNA

A

tRNA (transfer RNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a mRNA sequence into a protein.

20
Q

Vesicle

A

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. Vesicles inside cells move substances into or out of the cell.

Biology Paolina Loubiere (12 decks)

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