Unit 4 List 1 Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Amino Acid Sequencing

A

the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides

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2
Q

Analogous Structure

A

features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of a plant or animal

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4
Q

Biochemical Evidence

A

the use of molecular biology techniques to study the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms

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5
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life

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6
Q

Cladogram

A

a branching tree diagram that shows ancestral relationships among organisms

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7
Q

Common Ancestry

A

Ancestral organism shared by two or more descendent lineages

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8
Q

Descent with Modification

A

passing traits from parent to offspring

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9
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called “bases” - that make up the DNA molecule

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9
Q

Electrophoresis

A

a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge

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10
Q

Embryo

A

the early developmental stage of a multicellular organism that follows fertilization

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11
Q

Embryology

A

a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development

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12
Q

Evolutionary Tree

A

a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms

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13
Q

Fossil Record

A

a collection of fossils documenting the history of life on Earth

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14
Q

Homologous Structure

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

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15
Q

Homology

A

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor

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16
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils.

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17
Q

Phenotypic Similarity

A

a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families.

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18
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a kind of organism.

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19
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms

20
Q

Vestigal Structures

A

Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor

21
Q

Sedimentary Layers

A

distinct strata of sediment that have accumulated over time, forming the Earth’s crust and providing a record of geological history

22
Q

Adaptation

A

the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment

23
Q

Behavior

A

the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus

24
Q

Competition

A

a set of interactions between different populations or individuals from the same population to get one or more resources from the ecosystem

25
Q

Fitness

A

a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success

26
Q

Gene Pool

A

the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species

27
Q

Genetic Variation

A

the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

28
Q

Geographic Isolation

A

the physical separation of populations of organisms from one another due to geographical barriers

29
Q

Morphology

A

a branch of biology that studies the external and internal structures of living things

30
Q

Natural Selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

31
Q

Phenotypic Expression

A

An organism’s phenotype refers to the organism’s physical appearance (physical traits) as well as the type of proteins expressed within the organism’s body

32
Q

Physiology

A

a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved

33
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time

34
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

a set of barriers that exist between different species that make them unable to breed and produce healthy offspring

35
Q

Sexual Selection

A

the process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities

36
Q

Speciation

A

occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics

37
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

38
Q

Trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual

39
Q

Coevolution

A

the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another

40
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

occurs when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviours, often as solutions to the same problems

41
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

the process by which interbreeding species diverged into two or more evolutionary groups

42
Q

Founder Effect

A

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population.

43
Q

Gene Flow

A

any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another

44
Q

Gene Frequency

A

the relative frequency of an allele (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in a population, expressed as a fraction or percentage

45
Q

Gene Pool

A

the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species

46
Q

Genetic Drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

47
Q

Geologic Record

A

the irreplaceable account of the joint history between the Earth and living organisms