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Biology > Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity > Flashcards

Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Centromere

A

structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids

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1
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location.

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2
Q

Chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell.

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4
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

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5
Q

Crossing Over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)

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6
Q

Daughter Cell

A

Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis

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7
Q

Deletion

A

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA.

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8
Q

Diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

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9
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

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10
Q

Fertilization

A

the union of two gametes

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11
Q

Frameshift

A

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read

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12
Q

Gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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13
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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14
Q

Gene Mutation

A

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different

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15
Q

Genetic Code

A

a set of rules defining how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids

16
Q

Genetic Variation

A

the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

17
Q

Haploid

A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

18
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

19
Q

Independent Assortment

A

a genetic principle that states that the alleles of two genes will segregate into daughter cells independent of one another

20
Q

Insertion

A

A type of genetic change that involves the addition of a segment of DNA

21
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells

22
Q

Meiosis I

A

a type of cell division unique to germ cells

23
Q

Meosis II

A

a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I

24
Q

Monosomy

A

the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells

25
Q

Mutagen

A

a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations

26
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

27
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

28
Q

Offspring

A

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction

29
Q

Parent Cell

A

A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cells

30
Q

Point Mutation

A

A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide

31
Q

Replication

A

the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells

32
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

33
Q

Somatic Cell

A

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

34
Q

Substitution

A

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

35
Q

Trisomy

A

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells

36
Q

Trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual

Biology (7 decks)

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