Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy (LD)

Question 1

Autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

Question 2

Light Reactions

Answer 2

the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants

Question 4

Photosynthesis

Answer 4

the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar

Question 5

Calvin Cycle

Answer 5

the cycle of enzyme-catalyzed dark reactions of photosynthesis that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and in many bacteria and that involves the fixation of carbon dioxide and the formation of a 6-carbon sugar.

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

Pigment

Answer 7

any colored material found in a plant or animal cell

Question 8

NADPH

Answer 8

represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings

Question 9

Granum

Answer 9

one of the stacks of chlorophyll-containing material in plant chloroplasts

Question 10

Stomata

Answer 10

any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.

Question 11

Carbon Fixation

Answer 11

the process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules in the atmosphere into organic matter to produce biological building blocks and fuel for cellular respiration.

Question 12

Heterotrophs

Answer 12

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

Question 13

Thylakoids

Answer 13

pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell

Question 14

Carotenoids

Answer 14

a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria

Question 15

Mitochondrial Matrix

Answer 15

the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane

Question 16

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 16

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)

Question 17

Fermentation

Answer 17

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

Question 18

NAD+

Answer 18

a coenzyme for redox reactions

Question 19

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 19

a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen

Question 21

NADH

Answer 21

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H). It occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy.

Question 22

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 22

respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2)

Question 23

Cellular Respiration

Answer 23

a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 24

Krebs Cycle

Answer 24

a sequence of reactions in the living organism in which oxidation of acetic acid or acetyl equivalent provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds

Question 25

Pyruvic Acid

Answer 25

a 3-carbon acid C3H4O3 that is an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and can be formed either from glucose after phosphorylation or from glycogen by glycolysis

Question 26

Citric Acid

Answer 26

an organic compound with the skeletal formula HOC(CO 2H)(CH 2CO 2H) 2

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

Question 28

ADP

Answer 28

a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates