Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy (LD) Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals
Light Reactions
the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP
Chlorophyll
any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar
Calvin Cycle
the cycle of enzyme-catalyzed dark reactions of photosynthesis that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and in many bacteria and that involves the fixation of carbon dioxide and the formation of a 6-carbon sugar.
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
Pigment
any colored material found in a plant or animal cell
NADPH
represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings
Granum
one of the stacks of chlorophyll-containing material in plant chloroplasts
Stomata
any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
Carbon Fixation
the process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules in the atmosphere into organic matter to produce biological building blocks and fuel for cellular respiration.
Heterotrophs
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
Thylakoids
pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
Carotenoids
a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
Mitochondrial Matrix
the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane
Aerobic Respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
NAD+
a coenzyme for redox reactions
Alcoholic Fermentation
a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
Glycolysis
A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen
NADH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H). It occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy.
Anaerobic Respiration
respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2)
Cellular Respiration
a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Krebs Cycle
a sequence of reactions in the living organism in which oxidation of acetic acid or acetyl equivalent provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds
Pyruvic Acid
a 3-carbon acid C3H4O3 that is an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and can be formed either from glucose after phosphorylation or from glycogen by glycolysis
Citric Acid
an organic compound with the skeletal formula HOC(CO 2H)(CH 2CO 2H) 2
ATP
the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
ADP
a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates
