Unit 3 List 1 DNA & Heredity (LD) Flashcards
Adenine
A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Amino Acid
molecules that combine to form proteins
Anticodon
a triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome.
Cell Types
eukaryotic cells, which possess a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus but have a nucleoid region
Cell Differentiation
The process of cells becoming specialized in their structures and function and performing a certain job in the body.
Chromsone
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell.
Codon
a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
Cytoplasm
the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
Cytosine
a pyrimidine base C4H5N3O that codes genetic information in the polynucleotide chain of DNA or RNA.
Deoxyribose
a pentose (5-carbon sugar) biological molecule.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
Double Helix
a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough)
a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move.
Enzyme
a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein.
Gene
The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell’s cytoplasm (gel-like fluid).
Guanine
A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Hydrogen Bond
the electromagnetic attraction created between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative atom.
mRNA
A type of RNA found in cells. Messenger RNA
Mutation
Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.
NItrgoenous base
A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base.
Nuclear Membrane
a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside.
Nucleic Acid
large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.
Nucleotide
the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
Nucleus
the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.
Peptide Bond
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O).
Phosphate Group
a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms
Polypeptides
a continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Protein Synthesis
the process that cells use to create proteins.
Ribose
an organic compound classified as a monosaccharide, or simple sugar.
Ribosome
a structure found inside cells that is involved in making proteins.
RNA
a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses.
rRNA
a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid
Start Codon
the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.
Stop Codon
a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals a halt to protein synthesis in the cell.
Thymine
A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA.
Transcription
the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA.
Translation
the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)
tRNA
Transfer RNA is a small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis.
Uracil
a nitrogenous base that is a component of RNA.
Vesicle
a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
