Unit 4 list 1 Cell Energy

Question 1

Autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

Question 2

Light dependent Reactions

Answer 2

Certain photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy.

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.

Question 4

Photosynthesis

Answer 4

a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism

Question 5

Calvin cycle

Answer 5

carbon atoms from ‍ are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions

Question 7

NADPH

Answer 7

represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings

Question 8

Aerobic respiration

Answer 8

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates

Question 9

Fermentation

Answer 9

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

Question 10

NAD+

Answer 10

a critical metabolite and coenzyme for multiple metabolic pathways and cellular processes

Question 11

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 11

a process in which some sugars (as glucose) are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

Question 13

NADH

Answer 13

the reduced form of NAD

Question 14

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 14

the oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis

Question 15

Pigment

Answer 15

the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.

Question 16

Granum

Answer 16

a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Question 17

Stomata

Answer 17

any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.

Question 18

Carbon Fixation

Answer 18

the process by which inorganic carbon is added to an organic molecule.

Question 19

Heterotrophs

Answer 19

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

Question 20

Thylakoids

Answer 20

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.

Question 21

Carotenoids

Answer 21

pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria.

Question 22

Stroma

Answer 22

The cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body.

Question 23

Cellular respiration

Answer 23

the process by which cells derive energy from glucose.

Question 24

Krebs cycle

Answer 24

a series of chemical reactions in living things in which acetic acid or a related substance is oxidized to produce energy which is stored in ATP

Question 25

Pyruvic Acid

Answer 25

A colorless organic liquid formed by the breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars during cell metabolism.

Question 26

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 26

serves as the mitochondrial hub for the final steps in carbon skeleton oxidative catabolism for carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids