Unit 4 list 1 Cell Energy Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Light dependent Reactions
Certain photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy.
Chlorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism
Calvin cycle
carbon atoms from are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions
NADPH
represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
NAD+
a critical metabolite and coenzyme for multiple metabolic pathways and cellular processes
Alcoholic fermentation
a process in which some sugars (as glucose) are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
NADH
the reduced form of NAD
Anaerobic respiration
the oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis
Pigment
the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Granum
a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells.
Stomata
any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
Carbon Fixation
the process by which inorganic carbon is added to an organic molecule.
Heterotrophs
an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
Thylakoids
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
Carotenoids
pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria.
Stroma
The cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body.
Cellular respiration
the process by which cells derive energy from glucose.
Krebs cycle
a series of chemical reactions in living things in which acetic acid or a related substance is oxidized to produce energy which is stored in ATP
Pyruvic Acid
A colorless organic liquid formed by the breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars during cell metabolism.
Citric Acid Cycle
serves as the mitochondrial hub for the final steps in carbon skeleton oxidative catabolism for carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids
