Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Unit 4 Lectures > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous system and peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the general divisions within the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the divisions of the motor division?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia?

A

Neurons are conductors while neuroglias are supporters of the conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the neuroglia?

A

They protect, repair, regulate and aid neurons and their neuronal impulse transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the relationship between tumors and neuroglia?

A

Tumors can be caused by uncontrolled neuroglia growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Central nervous system neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes (form blood brain barrier)
Microglia (macrophages that eat pathogens)
Ependymal Cells (help make CSF)
Oligodendrocytes (form myelin sheath)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the peripheral nervous system neuroglia?

A 
Schwann Cells (form myeline around neurons) 
Satellite cells (protect neuron bodies and ganglia by regulating environment)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?

A

Myelination: speeds up rate of impulse conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some general features of neurons?

A
  • transmit impulses
  • highly sensitive to external changes
  • high metabolic rate
  • cannot divide
  • extreme longevity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the synaptic terminal?

A

The knobs at the end of theneuron that form synapses and release neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the general track of the neuron impulses?

A
  • begins at dendrites, goes through the cell body, down the axon, ends at terminal buttons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of neurons?

A

Anaxonic
Bipolar (special senses)
Pseudounipolar (sensory)
Multipolar (most common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

White matter vs gray matter?

A

White matter is due to myelination of fibers

Gray matter indicates we have unmyelinated fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are nerves made up of?

A

Axons and dendrites bundled together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the developing regions of the brain in a 3 week embryo?

A

Forebrain (proencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon
Hindbrian (rhomboencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the adult regions of the brain (developed)?

A

Forebrain is made of telencephalon and diencephalon
Midbrain is made of mesencephalon
Hindbrain is made of metencephalon and myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Telencephalon develops…

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diencephalon develops…

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mesencephalon develops

A

cerebral peduncle and corpora quadrigemina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Metencephalon develops…

A

pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Myelencephalon develops…

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

3 meninge layers of the brain

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A

Endosteal and meningeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function for the Cerebral spinal fluid?

A

protect, cushion and nourish the brain and spinal cord (remove waste)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

It produces the cerebral spinal fluid since it is composed of ependymal cell and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is the CSF found?

A

brain, spinal cord, and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

This is when our arachnoid villi are blocked and can cause back flow of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Store memory, conscious though and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the purpose of the frontal lobe?

A

Control of skeletal muscles

Prefrontal cortex is responsible forintellect. learning, personality ,etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function ofthe parietal lobe?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, temp perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Sound and smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station to the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function fo the hypothalamus?

A

Control center for autonomic NS and endocrine system. Controls emotions and sleep-wake cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the function of corpora quadrigemina?

A

Visual and auditory reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Receives information from cerebrum, inner ear, and body

Coordinate body, equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Links the cerebellum with brain and spinal cord

Respiratory rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Contains centers for autonomic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

All cranial nerves attaced to brainstem except?

A

Olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the space between meninges and bone of vertebra called?

A

Epidural space - contains fat, blood vessels, ct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the end of our spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

It has our spinal nerves gorwing out of vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the filum terminale? its function?

A

It comes out of the cauda equina and it anchors our spinal cord down (prevent superior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What anchors our spinal cord laterally?

A

Denticulate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are denticulate ligaments made of?

A

Pia mater and attach to arachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

why would a lumbar puncture be performed?

A

To obtain a sample of CSFand test health of our nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Spinal cord sensory impulses to the brain are…

A

Afferent and ascending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The spinal cord motor impulses are …

A

Efferent and descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the parts of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

Lateral, anterior, posterior horn, gray commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Impulse from lateral horn is responsible for what motor function?

A

Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Impulse from anterior horn is responsible for what motor function?

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Impulse coming in goes through which structures?

A

It will go thorugh dorsal ganglion, dorsal root, dorsal horn

55
Q

Impulse from dorsal horn is responsible for what motor function?

A

both somatic and visceral sensory

56
Q

D.A.V.E means?

A

dorsal (horn) is afferent (sensory)

Ventral (horn) is efferent (motor)

57
Q

What are the parts of the white matter in the spinal cord?

A

lateral column
Anterior column
posterior column

58
Q

What are the parts of reflex arc?

A
  1. receptors are stimulated
  2. Sensory impulse sent to the spinal cord
  3. Impulse travels to interneuron of spinal cord
  4. Impulse comes back through motor neuron
  5. will stimulate or inhibit the cell or organ
59
Q

All spinal nerves carry sensory and motor neurons except..

A

the phrenic nerve

60
Q

What forms spinal nerves?

A

The fusion of ventral and dorsal roots

61
Q

The dorsal ramus nerves innervate what region of the body?

A

The back

T1- L2

62
Q

The ventral ramus nerves innervates what region of the body?

A

Sides and front (all plexuses are here)

63
Q

How many nerve plexus do we have?

A

4, the thoracic dont form a network

64
Q

What is the difference between lumbar and sacral plexus?

A

Lumbar plexus is anteriorside of leg

Sacral plexus is posterior side of leg

65
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Areas of the body that are controlled by a specific nerve

66
Q

What neurotransmitter does our somatic spinal cord nerves have?

A

acetylcholine (excite skeletal muscle)

67
Q

What neurotransmitter does our visceral motor divsion (spinal cord)?

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine (excite or inhibit)

68
Q

What are some functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Regulate body temp

Coordinate cardiovascular respiration, digestion, reproduction,etc

69
Q

Sympathetic is also known as

A

Thoracolumbar

70
Q

Parasympathetic is also known as

A

Craniosacral

71
Q

What is the function of sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

send signals to the rest of the body (after ventral ramus)

72
Q

What are preganglionic neurons?

A

Thisis one ofthe first neurons that allow electrical signal from CNS to organs

73
Q

Preganglionic neurons general strucutre?

A

Branch off spinal cord
Cell bodies are in lateral gray orn
Axons enter ventral root

74
Q

In Sympathetic what is the Preganglionic vs postganglionic length?

A

Preganglionic are short

Postganglionic are long

75
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic division?

A

Norepinephrine

76
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

It releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

It has a long lasting effect

77
Q

Where do we find preganglionic neurons?

A

In brainstem and sacral segments

78
Q

In parasympathetic what is the length for pregnaglionic and postganglionic neurons?

A

long preganglonic

Short postganglionic

79
Q

What is released in parasympathetic?

A

Acetylcholine

80
Q

Parasympathetic vs sympathetic responses?

A

Parasympathetic: constrict pupils, increase saliva, decrease heart rate, increase digestion

Sympathetic:
dilated pupils, decrease saliva, increase heart rate, decrese digestion

81
Q

What must occur for action potential to occur at receptors?

A

Stimulus must be strong enough (meet the threshold

82
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

It is when the threshold changes. EX: going in a pool may be cold at first but your bodies threshold changes and gets used to it.

83
Q

General receptor vs special sense receptors?

A

General: all throughout body (skin, muscles, organs, etc)

Special Sense: concentrated in complex organs

84
Q

What is receptive field?

A

That is when our sensory neurons collect impulses from multiple receptor within a field.
The smaller the receptive field, the more accurate area of stimulus

85
Q

What is a mechanoreceptor?

A

Receptor that detects physical change (touch sensation, etc)

86
Q

What are the types of mechanoreceptors?

A

Propioreceptor: detects position of body in space

Tactile receptors: poking skin

87
Q

What is a thermoreceptor?

A

Detection of heat or cold (change in temperature)

88
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

Detects chemical changes in taste, smell, etc

89
Q

What is a photorecceptors?

A

Detects photons of light (only in eye)

90
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

A receptor that detects pain and tissue damage

91
Q

Where are most of our receptors found?

A

In the eye (70%)

92
Q

What is the difference between cones and rods?

A

Cones and rods are both photoreceptors
Cones: detect color (red green and blue)
Rods: detect light and dark

93
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic
Vascular Tunic
Nervous Tunic

94
Q

What is part of the fibrous tunica?

A

Cornea and Sclera

95
Q

What is part of the vascular tunic?

A

Choroid (absorbs light)
Iris (adjusts light)
Lens (focuses image on retina by getting pulled)
Ciliary body (adjusts shape of lens and secretes aqueas humor)

96
Q

Ciliary body secretes __________ and the _________ absorbs it

A

Ciliary body secretes aqueous humor

Canal of Schlemm absorbs the aqueous humor

97
Q

What is part of the nervous tunic? (retina)

A

Optic disc (blind spot) and the Fovea (focal point that has cones)

98
Q

What are the layers of cells in the retina?

A

Ganglion, bipolar, rods and cones

We have a pigmented retina

99
Q

Which glands produce wax of ear?

A

Ceruminous glands (it has anticrobial qualities)

100
Q

What are the ossicles of the ear?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

101
Q

Where is the inner ear embedded into?

A

The temporal bone

102
Q

What is the hearing sense? What is the equilibrium?

A

Hearing: cochlea
Vestibule: equilibrium `

103
Q

What type of receptor is hearing?

A

Mechanoreceptor

104
Q

What is the beginning of the hearing tracing?

A

external ear, middle ear bones, fluid in inner ear, bend receptors in cochlea

105
Q

Where are equilbrium receptors found?

A

In the semicircular canals and vestibule

106
Q

What are the parts of the vestibule?

A

Utricle and Saccule

107
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

When standing still and you tilt your head.
This allows equilirbium because the crystals in the vestibule (utricle and saccule) send signals for equilibrium when the head is tileted

108
Q

What is dynamic equilirbium?

A

It occurs within semicricular ducts and there is endolymph that hits mechanoreceptors that send signals for equilirbium

109
Q

What receptors are used for smell?

A

Chemoreceptors

110
Q

What condition must be for chemoreceptors?

A

They MUST be in fluid

111
Q

What is the only special sense that does not synapse in thalamus?

A

Olfaction because it is not attached to brain

112
Q

What receptors are used for taste?

A

Chemoreceptors

113
Q

Impulses for taste are processed where?

A

Parietal lobe

114
Q

What are the 3 different taste buds?

A

Circumvallate papillae
Fungiform paillae
Filiform papillae (spiky)

115
Q

Where are the taste cells found?

A

In the taste buds

116
Q

What 3 cranial nerves innervate the tongue for taste?

A

Facial nerve, Glossopharyngeal and the vagus

117
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine

A

Exocrine: have duct, produce secretion into duct, prduct empited into epithelial surface
Endocrine: have no duct, form hromones, hormonmes are diffuse into blood vessels, hormones have target organ

118
Q

What is the differences between nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Nervous: short term effect, specific targeted organs, neurotransmitter released at synapse, immediate response and recovery
Endocrine: long term effect, general target organs, hormones released into blood, slow response and recovery

119
Q

Neuroendocrine organs?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland and pancreas

120
Q

How is the hypothalamus neuroendocrine?

A

Endocrine: regulates endocrine system, releases hormones, synthesizes hormones, etc
Nervous: control emotions, regulate body temp, control day-night cycle

121
Q

How is the pituitary neuroendocrine?

A

Endocrine: The pituitary gland as the adenohypophysis which produce and release hormones
Nervous: the neurohypophysis is made from brain

122
Q

How is the adrenal gland neuroendocrine?

A

The adrenal cortex secretes hormones

The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and nor epinephrine (adrenaline)

123
Q

What does the hypothalamus release?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (triggers uterus to contract)

124
Q

What does ADH target?

A

Kidneys

125
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

Growth hormon, prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

126
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

this is when the gland does not produce normal Growth horomones

127
Q

What is gigantism?

A

High growth hormone before puberty

128
Q

What is acromegaly

A

high GH but affects hands, feet, organs

129
Q

What hormones are released by thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine and calcitonin

130
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

increases metabolic rate, oxygen, nutrient consumption, etc

131
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

decreases blood calcium level and increases bone production

132
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Low thyroxine and the gland can enlarge (big throat)

If you have this for a long time, it can lead to myedema which can lead to brain damage and death

133
Q

Short term stress vs long term stress

A

Adrenal medulla: short term

Adrenal cortex: long term (corticoids)

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions