UNIT 1 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of living organisms? (5)
Responsiveness Growth and Differentiation Reproduction Movement Metabolism and Excretion
What is anatomical position?
Arms straight and to your side Palms forward Legs Straight Feet flat, toes forward Feet shoulder length apart
What is a body cavity?
the spaces in our body that hold organs
What are the 2 types of body cavities?
Anterior (front) and Posterior
What general cavities are part of anterior cavities?
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
Pleural (lungs)
Mediastinum (heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta)
Within the mediatinum which is in the ________ cavity, we have the _______ cavity which is specifically for the heart
Within the mediatinum, which is in the thoracic cavity, we have the pericardial cavity which is specifically for the heart
What makes up the abdominopelvic cavity?
peritoneal cavity (liver, stomach, spleen,etc ) pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, internal reproductive structures)
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?
The diaphragm
What is parietal?
this is the membrane lining outside of the body cavity
What is visceral?
This is the membrane lining the organ itself
What general cavities are part of posterior cavity?
cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)
What is acromion?
Shoulder
What is antecubitus?
inner elbow
What is axilla?
underarm
What is brachium?
upper arm
What is bucca?
cheek
What is cephalon?
head
What is cervices?
neck
What is cranium?
top of skull
What is crus?
shin (below knee)
What is phalanges?
toes and fingers
What is facies?
face
What is femoral?
upper thigh
What is gluteus?
butt
What is hallux?
big toe
What is inguen?
groin
What is lumbus?
lower back
What is mentis?
chin
What is oculus?
eye socket
What is oris?
mouth
What is otic?
ear
What is palma?
palm of hand
What is plantar?
sole of feet
What is pollex?
thumb
What is popliteus?
back of knee
What is sura?
calf
What is thorax?
chest
What is anterior/posterior?
Anterior: towards front
Posterior: towards back
What is superior/inferior? What are these terms limited to?
Superior: towards head
Inferior:towards feet
Only used for torso
What is medial/lateral?
medial: toward midline
lateral: away from middle
What is superficial/deep?
Superficial: towards the surface
Deep: farther from surface
What is plantar/palmar?
Plantar: sole of feet
Palmar: palm of hand
What is dorsal/dorsal?
Dorsal feet: top of foot
Dorsal hand: back of hand (from anatomical position)
What is proximal/distal?
Proximal: towards point of attachment
Distal: away from point of attachment
What are the 4 body planes?
- Sagittal
- frontal
- transverse
- oblique
What are the 2 parts of the sagittal plane?
Median (midsagittal) and Parasagittal
What is the median sagittal?
Cut directly in the middle (left and right are equal)
What is the parasagittal plane?
Cut body vertically in half (left and right are not equal)
What is the frontal plane?
Divides the body in anterior and posterior positions
What is the transverse plane?
A cut that divides the body in superior and inferior (top and bottom)
What is oblique plane?
A cut that divides the body at an angle.
-blast
bud/germ
-condyl
joint
e; ef; ec
out
encephal
brain
epi
on, upon, above
erythr(o)
red
foram
opening
hepato
liver
hypo
under below
-ia,-ism
state, quality
leuk
white
lysis
loosen, dissolve
malacia
softening, loss of consistency
myo
muscle
nuch
back of head
peri-
around
phag
eat
pleu
side, rib
ren; nephro
kidney
soma
body
squam
scale, flat
stylo
pillar, tube,pole
syn
together
talo
ankle
What does the cell theory state?
cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
cells are produced by pre-existing cells
cells are the smallest units that perform vital physiological functions
each cell maintains homeostasis
What are the 2 main categories of cells?
Sex cells and somatic cells
What is the fluid outside of the cell? inside?
Outside: extracellular
inside: intracellular (cytoplasm)
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
To protect cell from what goes in and out
What is the plasma membrane made out of?
phospholipid bilayer
What is the bilayer made of?
hydrophillic heads (polar, charged, water-loving) hydrophobic tails (non-polar, not charged, water fearing)
If a substance is ____ solube, it can pass through the lipid bilayer
lipid
What are the 2 types of membrane protein?
Integral (cut all the way through membrane) and peripheral (attached to inner or outer, does not pass through)
A substance that is ____ soluble will have to pass through ______.
A substance that is water soluble will have to pass through integral proteins.
WHat is the difference between glycolipids and glycoproteins?
Glycolipids are attached to phospholipid
Glycoproteins are attached to protein channels
What is the function of glycolipids and proteins?
form glycocalyx and cell identification
What is passive process?
A strategy that a substance can take to pass plasma membrane of the cell. In this case, no ATP is required, it relies on concnetration gradient
What are the 3 types of passive process?
Facilitated, diffusion, osmosis
What are the types of active process?
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
What is endocytosis?
bringing in a substance from the outside through a vesicle.
What are microvilli?
tiny extensions at the top of cells used for absorption
What are cillia?
hair like extensions at the top of cells used to move particles along cell surface
Where are cilia mainly found?
Lining of respiratory tract
What are the non-membranous organelles?
Ribosomes, centrioles and cytoskeleton
What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
Fixed: Found in the RER
Free: floating around cell
What are centrioles?
rods of protein that cause chromosome movement
What is the mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell, we all get it from our moms
What is the role of the SER? RER?
SER: creates steroids and lipids for the cell
RER: makes proteins and had ribosomes
What are lysosomes?
they can cleanup the cell by eating (phagocytosis) bacteria and or breaking down molecules.
What are peroxisomes?
Similar to lysosomes but they come from the liver to detoxify molecules
What are tight junctions?
it is when 2 cells are tightly held together by membrane protein. It can block the passage of water and solutes (seen in digestive system)
What are gap junctions?
they are like channel proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other.
What are desmosomes?
Strong connections that have cytoskeleton to strengthen attachment. They are interwoven fibers
What organs are in more than one system?
pancreas, gonads, thymus
What are the 4 tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
What are the categories within epithelial?
Simple: one layer Stratified: 2+ layers ------------------------------ Squamous: irregular egg shape Cuboidal: cube like shapes Columnar: pillar like shape Pseudostratified: looks like more than one layer but it isnt (elongated)
What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
Supporting, connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue
What is part of supporting connective tissue?
Bone and cartiladge
What is part of connective tissue proper?
Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective
Loose: areolar, adipose
What is part of fluid connective tissue?
blood/lymph
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Smooth, cardiac, skeletal
What are the parts of nervous tissue?
Neurons, neuroglia, nucleus, nucleolus and protoplasmic extensions
What are the 5 layers of the epdiermis?
Basale spinolosum granulosum lucidum (on thick skin) corneum
What are the layers of the dermis?
Papillary (capillaries are here) and reticular (
What are the layers of the hypodermis?
Adipose tissue and pacinian corpuscles
What type of glands use the merocrine mode of secretion?
Eccrine and apocrine
What type of glands use the apocrine mode of secretion?
Mammary
What type of glands use the holocrine mode of secretion?
Sebaceous gland
What are serous membranes? What are the 2 types?
a membranous sheet that lubricate and protect the organs. Parietal is a directional term to describe the membrane around a cavity and visceral is a directional term to describe the membrane around an organ
A membrane that covers the heart is called the
visceral pericardium
A membrane that covers the heart cavity is called the
parietal pericardium
A membrane that covers the lungs is called
visceral pleura
A membrane that covers the pleura cavity is called
parietal pleura
Another word for abdominopelvic is
peritoneal or peritoneum
What makes up the integumentary system?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
What are the general parts of the skeletal system?
skull, vertebral column, thorax, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
What makes up the skull?
Mandible, maxilla, temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal,
What makes up the vertebral column?
Cervices (7 vertebrae) Thoracic ( 12 vertebrae) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5 fused together) Coccygal (4 fused together)
What makes up the thorax region of the skeleton
Sternum and 12 pairs of ribs
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb,
What is part of the pectoral girdle?
clavicle and scapula
What is part of the upper limb?
Humerus (bone with circular head), radius (thumb), ulna (pinky), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand bones), phalanges
What is part of the pelvic girdle?
coxal bones and symphysis pubis
What is part of the lower limb?
femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia (towards thumb), fibula (towards pinky), Tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot bone),phalanges
What is the pericardium?
Connective tissue layer surrounding the heart
Abduction vs Adduction
Abduction: Away from middle (like raising arms)
Adduction: towards middle
Rotation medial vs lateral
Medial: Rotating towards the midline
Lateral: rotating away from midline
supination vs pronation
supination: asking for soup
pronation: opposite
plantarflexion vs dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion: toes point forward
Dorsiflexion: toes curl up
What is the most abundant type of tissue in the body?
connective
What general systems make up the nervous system?
Central and Peripheral
What is part of the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
What is part of Peripheral nervous system?
cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs)
What is part of the endocrine system?
Pituatary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads
What systems make up the cardiovascular system?
heart and vessels
What are the parts of the heart?
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle (largest chamber)
What are the parts of the vessels?
Arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from heart)
Veins (carry deoxygenated blood to the heart)
Capillaries: network of arteries and veins
What makes up the lymphatic system?
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleens, tonsils, thymus
What organs make up the respiratory system?
trachea, bronchi (bronchioles), lungs,
What organs make up the digestive system?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
What organs make up the urinary system?
kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder
What organs are part of the female reproductive system?
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia
What organs make up the male reproductive system?
testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, bulbouretral glands, urethra, penis
What are melanocytes?
Cells that produce melanin and give our skin color
Where are melanocytes found?
In stratum basale
What are tactile cells? Where are they found?
Tactile cells are sensory receptors and are in the stratum basale
What causes fingerprints?
at the end of the epidermis, we have epidermal ridges that recede into stratum basale. In the dermis, we have dermal papillae that fit into the epidermal ridges. These wave like structures are what form fingerprints on the surface.
what is the order of the male reproductive system if starting at testes?
testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra (from bladder), bulbourethral gland, penis
What does adipose tissue look like?
bubbles
What are adipocytes?
adipose cells that are fat vacuoles surrounded by extracellular fluid
Adipose is a ______________ tissue
Adipose is a loose connective tissue
Arreolar is a _____________ tissue
Arreolar is a loose connective tissue
What does arreolar tissue look like?
Spider webs
What does dense regular tissue look like?
Dense regular tissue is made of collagen fiber and fibroblast nuclei and has a rope-like parallel strucutre
What does dense irregular tissue look like?
Dense irregular tissue is made of collagen fiber and fibroblast nuclei but is unorganized and scrambled
Hyaline cartilage is a _______________ tissue
supporting connective tissue
What does hyaline cartilage look like?
it has a glassy look with mini bubbles.
What does fibrocartilage look like?
It is similar to hyaline cartilage but looks like it has fibrous features
What is the name of bone tissue?
Compact bone tissue
The cells in all layers of epidermis (except basale) are called ________
Keratinocytes
What are meissener’s corpuscles?
They usually reside in the papillary portion of the dermis (usually in dermal papillae) and they are responsible for sensitivity to touch
What is the role of the parcinian corpsucle?
They are sensory receptors for touch
What are the characteristics of the sebaceous gland?
Found near the root of hair, secretes oils to lubricate hair, is part of holocrine secretion
What is holocrine secretion?
This is when the cell ruptures and releases its secretions
What are the characterisitcs of the eccrine glands?
These are found all over the body and activate with heat and nervousness (do not smell). They are part of merocrine secretion
What do eccrine glands look like?
They reside in the dermis and are similar to apocrine but have small lumen and are made of epithelial tissue.
What are the characteristics of apocrine sweat glands?
they are large and smell and activate during puberty. They are part of merocrine secretion
What do apocrine glands look like?
They may reside in the dermis and have larger lumen (than eccrine) and are made of epithelial tissue.
What is merocrine mode of secretion?
This is when the cell secretions are released through exocytosis (vesicles)
What are the characterisitcs of mammary glands?
Breast milk and are part of apocrine mode of secretion
What is apocrine mode of secretion?
This is when the cell disintegrates along with secretions
What are the parts of smooth muscles?
Elongated muscle fibers and nuclei in the middle
protraction vs retraction
protraction: pusing forward
retraction: pushing back
opposition vs reposition
Opposition: making a number four
Reposition: normal hand (high-five)
How can you tell eccrine vs apocrine sweat gland in histology pictures?
Eccrine: stratified cuboidal, smaller lumen
Apocrine: ssimple cuboidal, bigger lumen
If a sweat gland has a duct (tube), it is….
Exocrine, meaning they release secretions on the epithelium rather than the blood stream.
What are the 2 sensory receptors part of the integumentary system?
Meissner’s corpuscle (picks up touch sensation) and Pacinian corpuscle (senses pressure and vibration)
Where is the pacinian corpuscle located? How about the meissner’s corpuscle?
Pacinian: hypodermis
Meissner’s right below epidermis (near dermal papillae)
