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Human Anatomy > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of living organisms? (5)

A 
Responsiveness 
Growth and Differentiation 
Reproduction 
Movement 
Metabolism and Excretion
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2
Q

What is anatomical position?

A 
Arms straight and to your side
Palms forward
Legs Straight 
Feet flat, toes forward 
Feet shoulder length apart
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3
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

the spaces in our body that hold organs

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of body cavities?

A

Anterior (front) and Posterior

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5
Q

What general cavities are part of anterior cavities?

A

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

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6
Q

What makes up the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural (lungs)

Mediastinum (heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta)

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7
Q

Within the mediatinum which is in the ________ cavity, we have the _______ cavity which is specifically for the heart

A

Within the mediatinum, which is in the thoracic cavity, we have the pericardial cavity which is specifically for the heart

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8
Q

What makes up the abdominopelvic cavity?

A 
peritoneal cavity (liver, stomach, spleen,etc ) 
pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, internal reproductive structures)
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9
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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10
Q

What is parietal?

A

this is the membrane lining outside of the body cavity

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11
Q

What is visceral?

A

This is the membrane lining the organ itself

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12
Q

What general cavities are part of posterior cavity?

A

cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

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13
Q

What is acromion?

A

Shoulder

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14
Q

What is antecubitus?

A

inner elbow

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15
Q

What is axilla?

A

underarm

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16
Q

What is brachium?

A

upper arm

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17
Q

What is bucca?

A

cheek

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18
Q

What is cephalon?

A

head

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19
Q

What is cervices?

A

neck

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20
Q

What is cranium?

A

top of skull

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21
Q

What is crus?

A

shin (below knee)

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22
Q

What is phalanges?

A

toes and fingers

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23
Q

What is facies?

A

face

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24
Q

What is femoral?

A

upper thigh

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25
Q

What is gluteus?

A

butt

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26
Q

What is hallux?

A

big toe

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27
Q

What is inguen?

A

groin

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28
Q

What is lumbus?

A

lower back

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29
Q

What is mentis?

A

chin

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30
Q

What is oculus?

A

eye socket

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31
Q

What is oris?

A

mouth

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32
Q

What is otic?

A

ear

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33
Q

What is palma?

A

palm of hand

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34
Q

What is plantar?

A

sole of feet

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35
Q

What is pollex?

A

thumb

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36
Q

What is popliteus?

A

back of knee

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37
Q

What is sura?

A

calf

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38
Q

What is thorax?

A

chest

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39
Q

What is anterior/posterior?

A

Anterior: towards front
Posterior: towards back

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40
Q

What is superior/inferior? What are these terms limited to?

A

Superior: towards head
Inferior:towards feet
Only used for torso

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41
Q

What is medial/lateral?

A

medial: toward midline
lateral: away from middle

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42
Q

What is superficial/deep?

A

Superficial: towards the surface
Deep: farther from surface

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43
Q

What is plantar/palmar?

A

Plantar: sole of feet
Palmar: palm of hand

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44
Q

What is dorsal/dorsal?

A

Dorsal feet: top of foot

Dorsal hand: back of hand (from anatomical position)

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45
Q

What is proximal/distal?

A

Proximal: towards point of attachment
Distal: away from point of attachment

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46
Q

What are the 4 body planes?

A
  • Sagittal
  • frontal
  • transverse
  • oblique
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47
Q

What are the 2 parts of the sagittal plane?

A

Median (midsagittal) and Parasagittal

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48
Q

What is the median sagittal?

A

Cut directly in the middle (left and right are equal)

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49
Q

What is the parasagittal plane?

A

Cut body vertically in half (left and right are not equal)

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50
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Divides the body in anterior and posterior positions

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51
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

A cut that divides the body in superior and inferior (top and bottom)

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52
Q

What is oblique plane?

A

A cut that divides the body at an angle.

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53
Q

-blast

A

bud/germ

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54
Q

-condyl

A

joint

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55
Q

e; ef; ec

A

out

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56
Q

encephal

A

brain

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57
Q

epi

A

on, upon, above

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58
Q

erythr(o)

A

red

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59
Q

foram

A

opening

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60
Q

hepato

A

liver

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61
Q

hypo

A

under below

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62
Q

-ia,-ism

A

state, quality

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63
Q

leuk

A

white

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64
Q

lysis

A

loosen, dissolve

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65
Q

malacia

A

softening, loss of consistency

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66
Q

myo

A

muscle

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67
Q

nuch

A

back of head

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68
Q

peri-

A

around

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69
Q

phag

A

eat

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70
Q

pleu

A

side, rib

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71
Q

ren; nephro

A

kidney

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72
Q

soma

A

body

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73
Q

squam

A

scale, flat

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74
Q

stylo

A

pillar, tube,pole

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75
Q

syn

A

together

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76
Q

talo

A

ankle

77
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
cells are produced by pre-existing cells
cells are the smallest units that perform vital physiological functions
each cell maintains homeostasis

78
Q

What are the 2 main categories of cells?

A

Sex cells and somatic cells

79
Q

What is the fluid outside of the cell? inside?

A

Outside: extracellular
inside: intracellular (cytoplasm)

80
Q

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

A

To protect cell from what goes in and out

81
Q

What is the plasma membrane made out of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

82
Q

What is the bilayer made of?

A 
hydrophillic heads (polar, charged, water-loving) 
hydrophobic tails (non-polar, not charged, water fearing)
83
Q

If a substance is ____ solube, it can pass through the lipid bilayer

A

lipid

84
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane protein?

A

Integral (cut all the way through membrane) and peripheral (attached to inner or outer, does not pass through)

85
Q

A substance that is ____ soluble will have to pass through ______.

A

A substance that is water soluble will have to pass through integral proteins.

86
Q

WHat is the difference between glycolipids and glycoproteins?

A

Glycolipids are attached to phospholipid

Glycoproteins are attached to protein channels

87
Q

What is the function of glycolipids and proteins?

A

form glycocalyx and cell identification

88
Q

What is passive process?

A

A strategy that a substance can take to pass plasma membrane of the cell. In this case, no ATP is required, it relies on concnetration gradient

89
Q

What are the 3 types of passive process?

A

Facilitated, diffusion, osmosis

90
Q

What are the types of active process?

A

Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

91
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

bringing in a substance from the outside through a vesicle.

92
Q

What are microvilli?

A

tiny extensions at the top of cells used for absorption

93
Q

What are cillia?

A

hair like extensions at the top of cells used to move particles along cell surface

94
Q

Where are cilia mainly found?

A

Lining of respiratory tract

95
Q

What are the non-membranous organelles?

A

Ribosomes, centrioles and cytoskeleton

96
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes?

A

Fixed: Found in the RER
Free: floating around cell

97
Q

What are centrioles?

A

rods of protein that cause chromosome movement

98
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell, we all get it from our moms

99
Q

What is the role of the SER? RER?

A

SER: creates steroids and lipids for the cell
RER: makes proteins and had ribosomes

100
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

they can cleanup the cell by eating (phagocytosis) bacteria and or breaking down molecules.

101
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Similar to lysosomes but they come from the liver to detoxify molecules

102
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

it is when 2 cells are tightly held together by membrane protein. It can block the passage of water and solutes (seen in digestive system)

103
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

they are like channel proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other.

104
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Strong connections that have cytoskeleton to strengthen attachment. They are interwoven fibers

105
Q

What organs are in more than one system?

A

pancreas, gonads, thymus

106
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

107
Q

What are the categories within epithelial?

A 
Simple: one layer 
Stratified: 2+ layers 
------------------------------
Squamous: irregular egg shape 
Cuboidal: cube like shapes 
Columnar: pillar like shape 
Pseudostratified: looks like more than one layer but it isnt (elongated)
108
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

Supporting, connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue

109
Q

What is part of supporting connective tissue?

A

Bone and cartiladge

110
Q

What is part of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective
Loose: areolar, adipose

111
Q

What is part of fluid connective tissue?

A

blood/lymph

112
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

113
Q

What are the parts of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons, neuroglia, nucleus, nucleolus and protoplasmic extensions

114
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epdiermis?

A 
Basale
spinolosum 
granulosum 
lucidum (on thick skin) 
corneum
115
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary (capillaries are here) and reticular (

116
Q

What are the layers of the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue and pacinian corpuscles

117
Q

What type of glands use the merocrine mode of secretion?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

118
Q

What type of glands use the apocrine mode of secretion?

A

Mammary

119
Q

What type of glands use the holocrine mode of secretion?

A

Sebaceous gland

120
Q

What are serous membranes? What are the 2 types?

A

a membranous sheet that lubricate and protect the organs. Parietal is a directional term to describe the membrane around a cavity and visceral is a directional term to describe the membrane around an organ

121
Q

A membrane that covers the heart is called the

A

visceral pericardium

122
Q

A membrane that covers the heart cavity is called the

A

parietal pericardium

123
Q

A membrane that covers the lungs is called

A

visceral pleura

124
Q

A membrane that covers the pleura cavity is called

A

parietal pleura

125
Q

Another word for abdominopelvic is

A

peritoneal or peritoneum

126
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

127
Q

What are the general parts of the skeletal system?

A

skull, vertebral column, thorax, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

128
Q

What makes up the skull?

A

Mandible, maxilla, temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal,

129
Q

What makes up the vertebral column?

A 
Cervices (7 vertebrae) 
Thoracic ( 12 vertebrae) 
Lumbar (5) 
Sacral (5 fused together) 
Coccygal (4 fused together)
130
Q

What makes up the thorax region of the skeleton

A

Sternum and 12 pairs of ribs

131
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb,

132
Q

What is part of the pectoral girdle?

A

clavicle and scapula

133
Q

What is part of the upper limb?

A

Humerus (bone with circular head), radius (thumb), ulna (pinky), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand bones), phalanges

134
Q

What is part of the pelvic girdle?

A

coxal bones and symphysis pubis

135
Q

What is part of the lower limb?

A

femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia (towards thumb), fibula (towards pinky), Tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot bone),phalanges

136
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding the heart

137
Q

Abduction vs Adduction

A

Abduction: Away from middle (like raising arms)
Adduction: towards middle

138
Q

Rotation medial vs lateral

A

Medial: Rotating towards the midline
Lateral: rotating away from midline

139
Q

supination vs pronation

A

supination: asking for soup
pronation: opposite

140
Q

plantarflexion vs dorsiflexion

A

Plantarflexion: toes point forward
Dorsiflexion: toes curl up

141
Q

What is the most abundant type of tissue in the body?

A

connective

142
Q

What general systems make up the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral

143
Q

What is part of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

144
Q

What is part of Peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs)

145
Q

What is part of the endocrine system?

A

Pituatary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads

146
Q

What systems make up the cardiovascular system?

A

heart and vessels

147
Q

What are the parts of the heart?

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle (largest chamber)

148
Q

What are the parts of the vessels?

A

Arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from heart)
Veins (carry deoxygenated blood to the heart)
Capillaries: network of arteries and veins

149
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleens, tonsils, thymus

150
Q

What organs make up the respiratory system?

A

trachea, bronchi (bronchioles), lungs,

151
Q

What organs make up the digestive system?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

152
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A

kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder

153
Q

What organs are part of the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia

154
Q

What organs make up the male reproductive system?

A

testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, bulbouretral glands, urethra, penis

155
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Cells that produce melanin and give our skin color

156
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

In stratum basale

157
Q

What are tactile cells? Where are they found?

A

Tactile cells are sensory receptors and are in the stratum basale

158
Q

What causes fingerprints?

A

at the end of the epidermis, we have epidermal ridges that recede into stratum basale. In the dermis, we have dermal papillae that fit into the epidermal ridges. These wave like structures are what form fingerprints on the surface.

159
Q

what is the order of the male reproductive system if starting at testes?

A

testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra (from bladder), bulbourethral gland, penis

160
Q

What does adipose tissue look like?

A

bubbles

161
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

adipose cells that are fat vacuoles surrounded by extracellular fluid

162
Q

Adipose is a ______________ tissue

A

Adipose is a loose connective tissue

163
Q

Arreolar is a _____________ tissue

A

Arreolar is a loose connective tissue

164
Q

What does arreolar tissue look like?

A

Spider webs

165
Q

What does dense regular tissue look like?

A

Dense regular tissue is made of collagen fiber and fibroblast nuclei and has a rope-like parallel strucutre

166
Q

What does dense irregular tissue look like?

A

Dense irregular tissue is made of collagen fiber and fibroblast nuclei but is unorganized and scrambled

167
Q

Hyaline cartilage is a _______________ tissue

A

supporting connective tissue

168
Q

What does hyaline cartilage look like?

A

it has a glassy look with mini bubbles.

169
Q

What does fibrocartilage look like?

A

It is similar to hyaline cartilage but looks like it has fibrous features

170
Q

What is the name of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone tissue

171
Q

The cells in all layers of epidermis (except basale) are called ________

A

Keratinocytes

172
Q

What are meissener’s corpuscles?

A

They usually reside in the papillary portion of the dermis (usually in dermal papillae) and they are responsible for sensitivity to touch

173
Q

What is the role of the parcinian corpsucle?

A

They are sensory receptors for touch

174
Q

What are the characteristics of the sebaceous gland?

A

Found near the root of hair, secretes oils to lubricate hair, is part of holocrine secretion

175
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

This is when the cell ruptures and releases its secretions

176
Q

What are the characterisitcs of the eccrine glands?

A

These are found all over the body and activate with heat and nervousness (do not smell). They are part of merocrine secretion

177
Q

What do eccrine glands look like?

A

They reside in the dermis and are similar to apocrine but have small lumen and are made of epithelial tissue.

178
Q

What are the characteristics of apocrine sweat glands?

A

they are large and smell and activate during puberty. They are part of merocrine secretion

179
Q

What do apocrine glands look like?

A

They may reside in the dermis and have larger lumen (than eccrine) and are made of epithelial tissue.

180
Q

What is merocrine mode of secretion?

A

This is when the cell secretions are released through exocytosis (vesicles)

181
Q

What are the characterisitcs of mammary glands?

A

Breast milk and are part of apocrine mode of secretion

182
Q

What is apocrine mode of secretion?

A

This is when the cell disintegrates along with secretions

183
Q

What are the parts of smooth muscles?

A

Elongated muscle fibers and nuclei in the middle

184
Q

protraction vs retraction

A

protraction: pusing forward
retraction: pushing back

185
Q

opposition vs reposition

A

Opposition: making a number four
Reposition: normal hand (high-five)

186
Q

How can you tell eccrine vs apocrine sweat gland in histology pictures?

A

Eccrine: stratified cuboidal, smaller lumen
Apocrine: ssimple cuboidal, bigger lumen

187
Q

If a sweat gland has a duct (tube), it is….

A

Exocrine, meaning they release secretions on the epithelium rather than the blood stream.

188
Q

What are the 2 sensory receptors part of the integumentary system?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle (picks up touch sensation) and Pacinian corpuscle (senses pressure and vibration)

189
Q

Where is the pacinian corpuscle located? How about the meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Pacinian: hypodermis

Meissner’s right below epidermis (near dermal papillae)

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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