Unit 4 lecture 16-20 Flashcards
Define infection
person ingests pathogen which enters GI tract and multiplies
- delay in symptoms with fever
4 mechanisms of GI tract illness
- ingestion of food containing preformed toxins
- bacteria enter GI tract and adhere to intestinal epithelial cells
- ingestion of pathogen that adheres to and invades epithelial cells
- Bacteria enter GI tract, pass through intestinal mucosa and become systemic
1.) ingestion of food containing preformed toxins
bacteria involved
- staph aureus
- bacillus cereus
- clostridium botulism
- clostridium perfringes
- (food poisoning)
2.) adhere to epithelial cells
bacteria
- enterobacteriaceae
- vibrionceae
3.) adheres to and invades epithelial cells
bacteria involved
- shigella
- salmonella sps
- Invasive E. coli
4.) pass through intestinal mucosa and become systemic
- salmonella typhi
- listeria monocytocogenes
- yersinia enterocolitica
- yersinia psuedotube
1.) Staph Aureus bacteria
- gram stain
- known for
- s/s
- disease process
- gram + cocci
- most common cause of food poisoning
- resistant to environmental stress
- severe diarrhea, no fever
- produces enterotoxins that are very heat stable
1.) Bacillus cereus bacteria
- gram stain
- known for
- disease process
- s/s
- gram + rods
- spore forming
- food contains endospores- produce 2 enterotoxins
- diarrhea and vomiting
1.) Clostridium Botulinum bacteria
- gram stain
- known for
- disease process
- s/s
- gram + rods
- spire forming
- produce neurotoxins, CNS, Paralysis
- nausea, vomiting, hard to swallow, double vision, paralysis
1.) Clostridium prefringes
- gram stain
- known for
- s/s
- gram + rods
- spore forming
- enterotoxins produced
- a cute abdominal pain, diarrhea, no vomiting
which GI tract bacteria is most common cause of food poisoning
staph aureus
which GI tract bacteria form spores
- bacillus cereus
- clostridium botulinum
- clostridium prefeinges
2.) Enterobacteriaceae family
- gram stain
- antigens
- virulence factors
- bacteria
- gram - rods
- O,H,K antigens
- colonization/adherence, toxins causing fluid loss, invade epithelial cells
- E. coli
O,H,K antigens meaning
- O: outer LPS membrane
- H: flageller antigens
- K: capsular antigens
2.) Vibrionaceae family
- gram stain
- bacteria
- curved gram (-) rods
- vibriochlera
- campylobacter
vibriochlera
transmission
s/s
toxin
- dehydration and loss of electrolytes
- severe watery diarrhea
- decal oral route
- waterborne
- chloragenotoxin
Campylobacter
diarrhea
3.) shigella
- gram stain
- process
- spread
- s/s
- gram - rod
- shiga toxin secreted that inhibits protein synthesis and kills epithelial cells
- contact with infected person
- severe diarrhea with blood and mucus
define dysentery
severe diarrhea with blood and mucus
3.) Salmonella
- gram stain
- process
- s/s
- gram - rod
- bacteria invade intestinal lining
- can become systemic
- headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, fever
3.) Enteroinvasive E.coli
- gram stain
- process
- s/s
- gram - rod
- invade intestinal epithelial cells and produces toxins
- inflammation, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, blood, mucus
4.) Salmonella Typhi
gram stain
process
- gram - rod
- enters blood and infects various tissues and organs
4.) Listeria Monocytogebes
gram satin
found
know
- gram + rod
- excreted in animal feces
- dangerous for pregnant women and immunosuppressed
4.) Yersinia
gram stain
s/s
know
- gram - rod
- diarrhea, fever, headache
- lymph node swelling: mocks appendicitis
protozoa: Entamoeba histolyca
- movement
- spread
- process
- s/s
- pseudopods
- fecal/oral: ingest contaminated food or water
- cyst-trophozoite- toxins kill epithelial cells
- lesions and severe dysentery
Cyst vs trophozoite form
protozoa: Balantidium coli
movement
shape
spread
s/s
- large, oval
- cilia
- fecal/oral: swine pigs
- bloody diarrhea
protozoa: Giardia Lambila
- movement
causes
spread
s/s
know
- flagella
- frequent cause of waterborne diarrhea
- ingest fecally contaminated food to water
- abdominal pain, gas, nausea, diarrhea
- resistant to chlorination
protozoa: toxoplasma gondii
movement
spread
know
- non motile
- undercooked meats and cats
- dangerous for pregnant and immunosuppressed
protozoa: Cyrptosporidium parvum
movement
know
spread
- non motile
- not recognized until aids
- dangerous for immunosuppressed
- resistant to normal chlorination
- ingest fecally contaminated food or water
- lakes and streams commonly contaminated
Protozoas of GI
- entamoeba hsitolyca
- balantidium coli
- giardia lambilla
- toxoplasma gondii
- cryptosporidium parvam
viruses of GI
- local intestinal: norwalk and rotavirus
- enter GI and become Systemic
(enteroviruses) - polio
- coxsackie
- echovirus
- Hep A, B, C, D, E
local: Norwalk like
- dna or rna
- s/s
- also known as
- SsRNA
- sudden severe nausea and vomiting
- winter vomiting disease
local: Rotavirus
- dna or rna
- s/s
- know
- RNA
- fever, diarrhea, vomiting
- can be fatal for infants bc of loss of fluids/shock
systemic: Enteroviruses
- fecal oral route
- human only host
- common in warm weather
- 30 mil non polio cases/year
Systemic: Polio
dna or rna
child v adult
severe consequence
spread
vaccine
- RNA
- mild in children, severe as adult
- paralysis 0.1%
- fecal oral route: human-human
- salk: formalin killed
- sabin: live attenuated
disease process of polio
- ingested
- infects GI tract
- invade tonsils/lymph nodes
- invade blood then meninges
- CNS
systemic: Coxsackie
dna or rna
also known as
vaccine
- RNA
- hand/foot/mouth disease
- no vaccine or medications
systemic: Echovirus
dna or rna
also known as
- RNA
- Croup
systemic: Hep A
dna or rna
spread
chronic carriers
incubation
vaccine
- RNA, non envelopes
- fecal oral from infected person or infected waters
- shell fish
- no chronic carriers
- 15-40 days: most infectious
- inactivated whole virus
Systemic Hep B
- dna or rna
- spread
- incubation
- chronic carriers
- vaccine
- linked to
- DNA
- blood, bodily fluids
- 50-180 days
- 10% chronic carriers
- recombinant HBsAG(genetic engineering)
- liver cancer
what is dane particle
complete HBV particle
Systemic Hep C
- rna or dna
- spread
- incubation
- chronic carriers
- linked to
- RNA
- blood, bodily fluids: STD
- 14-150 days
- yes chronic carriers
- chronic liver disease and liver cancer
systemic Hep D
- rna or dna
- spread
- chronic carriers
- linked to
- RNA
- Blood and bodily fluids
- chronic carriers
- always occurs with HBV
- higher mortality rate and liver damage with both HBV and HDV
systemic: Hep E
- rna or dna
- spread
- chronic carriers
- incubation
- bad for
- RNA
- fecal oral route
- no chronic carriers
- few weeks duration
- 20% mortality rate in pregnant women
HEP A AND E
- no chronic carriers
- short incubation
- fecal oral
HEP B,C,D
- chronic carriers
- blood/bodily fluids
- long incubation except D
Oral Tract Bacteria
- streptococcus
- dental carrie
- periodontal disease
bacteria: streptococcus
gram stain
hemolysis
potential consequences
- gram + cocci
- alpha hemolytic
- subcutaneous bacterial endocarditis if enters blood stream
bacteria: dental carrie
- cavities
- sugar + s mutans + host habits
process of dental carrie formation
- glycoproteins in saliva adhere to tooth
- sucrose turns into glucose and fructose bc of strep mutans
- glucose polymerized to dextran
- dense mass forms on tooth: plaque
- plaque produced acids from sugar fermentation
- acids dissolve tooth enamel which forms cavities
bacteria: periodontal disease
gingivitis and periodontitis
define gingivitis
infection restricted to gums
define periodontitis
infection in gums and tissues between teeth that result in tooth loss
Oral Tract Fungi
candida albicans
Fungi: candida albicans
produces?
know
- yeast that produces psuedophae
- kept in check by normal flora
- opportunistic
- causes oral thrush
define oral thrush
conditions?
warm, moist conditions when skin is irritated or damaged
- hospitals, birthing
Oral Tract Viruses
- Herpes Simplex 1
- cytomegalovirus
- epstein barr
virus: heroes simplex 1
- dna or rna
- disease
- spread
- s/s
- process
- DNA
- oral herpes
- oral/respiratory route
- possible blindness/ destroys epithelial cells
- blisters, latency, recurrnace
virus: Cytomegalovirus
dna or rna
spread
s/s
serious consequences
- DNA
- oral route
- nuclear inclusions and swelling
- pneumonia in immunosuppressed
- congenital defects in pregnant women
- latency
virus: epstein barr
disease
spread
s/s
process
cancers
- mono
- close oral contact
- swollen lymph nodes
- paranoid glands, blood, b cells, third line of defense
- burkitts lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Genitourinary Tract
bacterial infections and diseases
- UTIs
- Vagintis
- STDs
UTIs
- leading cause
- bacteria that causes
- criteria
- nosocomial infections: catheters
- E. Coli
- > 10,000 bacteria/ml and pure
define cystitis
uti confined to bladder
define pyelonephritis
UTI in kidneys
define vaginitis
- can be caused be endogenous organisms as wells as sexually transmitted organisms
types of vaginitis
- candida albicans
- gardenella vaginalis
- trichomonas vaginalis
vaginitis: candida albicans
- endogenous organisms
- opportunist
- yeast found in mouth, intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract
- disturbance in normal flora
vaginitis: gardebella vaginalis
- STD
- small, pleomorphic, gram - rod
Vaginitis: Trichomonas vaginalis
- STD
- flagellated protozoa
how does pH affect vaginitis
- pH decreases: gardenella: decreases lactobacilli
- pH increases: trichomonas: over grow normal flora
STD risk factors
- number of sexual partners
- age of sexual activity
- injection drug use
some people symptomatic and some asymptomatic
define STD coinfection
transmission of more than one pathogen at the same time
- gonorrhea and chlamydia
STD local infection
- herpes
- papillomavirus
STD systemic infections
- syphilis, gonorrhea, aids
- all may cause systemic infections when passed form mother to child
STD: pelvic inflammatory disease
- extensive bacterial infection of pelvic organs in females
- caused by chlamidia trachomatis and neiserria gonorrhea
Reproductive tract bacteria
chlamydia trachomatis
neiserria gonorrhea
treponema pallidum
strep agalactiae
RT: chlamydia trachomatis
gram stain
types
- D-K: STD types: asymptomatic
- L1-L3: invasive types: sexual contact and lesions
- A, B, Ba, C: blindness: direct contact
- gram - coccoid or rod
RT: Neisseria gonorrhea
gram stain
virulence
s/s
- gram - diplococci
- pilli/fimbriae, destroys IgA antibodies, other membrane proteins, penicillinase enzymes
- inflammation/pus in men
- burning when urinating in women: bacteremia and lesions
RT: Treponema Pallidum
disease caused
gram stain
disease process
- syphilis
- thing, tightly coiled spirochete
- primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
TP primary
local infection: localized ulcer
TP secondary
systemic: lymph node swelling, rash and lesions
TP latent
organisms persists in body
TP tertiary
recurrence years later: serious damage to organs
RT: Strep agalactiae
know
serious consequences
- grp B beta strep:
- can be normal flora in some women
- in newborns: bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis
- post partum endometritis
Respiratory Tract viruses
- herpes simplex 2
- Hep B
- Human Papillomavirus
- HIV
RT: Herpes Simplex 2
dna or rna
disease
process
serious consequences
- genital herpes
- sexual contact, lesions, healing, latent virus
- infections in new born fatal or severe
RT: Hepatitis B
rna or dna
process
vaccination
- DNA
- targets liver cells, kills infected cells, virions released into blood stream
- HBsAg vaccination
RT: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
dna or rna
productive forms
non productive forms
serious consequences
vaccine
- DNA
- 6, 11: warts dependent on viral type
- 16,18: transformation of infected cells
- cervical cancer
- gardasil: recombinant
- cerverax: purified L1 protein
RT: HIV
dna or rna
disease result
process
- RNA
- cause of AIDS
- virions, host cell lysis, paralysis of immune system, opportunist infections
- latent: virus remains integrated indefinitely
Skin pathogens: bacterias
- staph aureus
- strep pyogenes
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- leptospira interrogans
- clostridium tetani
- clostridium perfringens
skin bacteria: staph aureus
test results
gram stain
virulence
found
most common infection
- catalase +, beta, coagulase +
- gram + cocci
- cell wall protein, coagulase, enzymes and toxins
- hair, wound, intestine, bone infections
- infection of hair follicles
skin bacteria: strep pyogenes
test results
gram stain
diseases
- catalase -, beta
- gram + cocci
- impetigo, eryispelas, necrotizing fascitis
skin bacteria: pseudomonas aeruginosa
test results
gram stain
know
virulence
- oxidase +
- gram - rod
- oppurtunistic organisms: very resistant
- toxins and enzymes, motile, slime layer, antibiotic resistant
skin bacteria: leptospira interrogans
gram stain
spread
s/s
process
- spirochete, hooked ends
- though contaminated urine
- flu like symptoms
- enters skin abrasions then blood
skin bacteria: clostridium tetani
causes
gram stain
other tests
virulent toxin
- lock jaw
- gram + rod
- spore forming, anaerobic
- tetanospasmin: inhibits nerve cells responsible for relaxation of muscles
- constant contraction of voluntary muscles
skin bacteria: clostridium perfringens
causes
gram stain
other tests
process
- gas-gangrene
- gram + rod
- spore forming anaerobic
- virulent toxin kills host cells and causes necrosis
Skin pathogens Fungi
- mycoses
- cutaneous
- subcutaneous
- dermatophyte
- subcutaneous mycoses
define mycoses
disease caused by fungal infections
define cutaneous
superficial infections of the skin, hair and nails
define subcutaneous
penetrates deeper into dermis to infect tissues
define dermatophyte
fungi that colonize hair, skin, nails,
- utilize karat in for growth
subcutaneous mycoses
fungal spores/ mycelia fragments enter deeper tissue
- caused by sporothrix schenkill
Zoonooses
- direct: bacteria, viruses
- indirect: bacteria, protozoa, viruses
define zoonoses
diseases that occur primarily in animals transferred to humans
direct zoonoses
direct contact with infected animal or animal product
indirect zoonoses
intermediate carrier through insect vectors
- harder to treat
direct zoonoses bacteria
- bacillus anthracis
- brucella abortive
- Bartonella hensiae
direct bacteria: Bacillus anthracis
gram stain
spread
virulence
forms
- gram + rods
- sheep, cattle, horses
- capsule, enzymes, toxins
- cutaneous, gastric, pulmonary
direct bacteria: brucella abortus
gram stain
spread
symptoms
know
- gram - coccobacilli
- cattle
- mild flu like symptoms
- most common in USA
direct bacteria: Bortonella hensiae
gram stain
disease
know
- gram - rods
- cat scratch disease
- very low ability to invade
direct zoonose viruses
- rabies
direct virus: rabies
rna or dna
shape
process
- RNA
- bullet shaped
- bite of infected animal, muscle and connective tissue, PNS/CNS
indirect Zoonose bacteria
- yersinia pestis
- Francisella tularensis
- Borella burgdoferi
- Rickettsiae
indirect bacteria: yersinia pestis
gram stain
disease
virulence
process
- gram - rod, bipolar staining
- bubonic plague
- capsule and toxins
- wild rodents- rate flea- human
pneumonic plague
rapid spread and difficult to control
when plague reaches lungs
indirect bacteria: Francisella tularensis
gram stain
disease
virulence
process
- gram - rod
- rabbit fever
- not known, grow in WBCs
- wild animal- deer lice/ tick-human
indirect bacteria: borella burgdorferi
gram stain
disease
virulence
process
- spirochete
- lymes disease
- survive in macrophages, alters antigenic molecules
- animal/human-deer tick- human
lymes disease prevention
- pesticides
- constant checks
- insect repellent
- cover skin
indirect bacteria: rickettsia
need
3 types
- need anthropoid vector
- rickettsii: rocky mountain spotted fever: tick-human
- prowazekhi: epidemic typhus: body lice-humans
- typhi: endemic typhus: rodent, rat flea, human
Zoonoses protozoa
- hemoflagellates: flagellates protozoa in blood, long, slender
- sporozoa: none motile protozoa
hemoflagellate trypansoma
- carried by tste fly: Africa sleeping sickness
- carrie’s by reduridbug: chagas disease
hemoflagellate leishmania
- carried by sand fly ( tropical areas)
- cutaneous or visceral disease
sporozoa plasmodium
- 4 species
- carried by female anapheles masquito
- cause malaria
sporozoa babeslamicroti
- carried by ixodes scapularis tick
- can resemble malaria
Zoonose viruses
- togaviridae
- bunyaviridae
- RNA viruses carried by vectors to humans
- mosquito most common vector
- enters lymph tissue, internal organs, CNS (encephalitis)
what is meant by ARBO virus
