Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbioloy > Unit 2 lecture 7-10 > Flashcards

Unit 2 lecture 7-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Requirements for growth

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
  • sulfur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbon purpose

A

make all of the macromolecules that cells need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hydrogen

A

make macromolecules and form hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oxygen

A

mack macromolecules and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nitrogen

A

make amino acids, nucleic acids, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phosphorus

A

Make ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sulfur

A

make amino acids, vitamins, disulfide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transport mechanisms

A
  • Diffusion
  • Active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define diffusion

A

molecules move from area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

simple diffusion

A

limited, lipid soluble molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

carrier protein bonds substances and changes shape. transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Active Transport

A

Against concentration gradient or with but at a faster rate
(lower concentration to higher)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell mediated transport

A

need carrier protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

group translocation

A

molecules transported altered in the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

endocytosis

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfment of whole cells/ large solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pinocytosis

A

vesicles of liquid are taken into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Physical requirements for growth

A
  • temperature
  • gas
  • ph
  • osmotic pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

temperature requirements

A

most at 37 degrees celsius
minimum-optimum-maximum curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gas requirement

A

CO2 and O2
Not all need oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pH requirements

A

grow best in range 6-8
bacteria: 7-7.2
yeats/molds: 5-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Osmotic pressure requirements

A

prefer isotonic conditions
concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is binary fission

A

call division and reproduction
- with each round, cells double in number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Process of binary fission

A
  • cell elongates/DNA replication of bacterial chromosome
  • invagination of cell membrane and cell wall at midpoint
  • cross walk formation
  • cells separate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

generation time

A

amount of time required for one bacterial cell to divide into two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bacterial growth phases

A
  • lag
  • log
  • stationary
  • death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lag phase of growth

A

cells adapting and little to no cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Log phase of growth

A

Rapid cell division, nutrients available, cells most vulnerable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stationary growth phase

A

decreasing nutrients, increasing toxic products, cell death rate= cell production rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Death growth phase

A

Nutrients depleted, increase toxic products, cell death rate>cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 measurements of bacterial growth

A
  • turbidity
  • direct microscopic count
  • standard plate count
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

turbidity measurement

A

measure cloudiness using spectrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

direct microscopic count

A

bacterial cells within specific area counted using specialized slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

standard plate count measurement

A

bacterial sample diluted over and over again
colony count multiplied by soliton factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define sterilization

A

destruction of all forms of microbial life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define disinfection

A

destruction of pathogenic microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

static

A

inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cidal

A

kill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does contact rate of killing mean

A

the same percentage of of cells die per time interval of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

7 factors affecting control methods

A
  • size of microbial population
  • amount of time agent used
  • concentration of agent
  • greater temperatures
  • Ph extremes
  • special protection
  • presence of organic matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

4 mechanisms of action

A
  • disruption of cell wall
  • disruption of plasma membrane
  • denaturation of proteins
  • damage to nucleic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Disruption of cell wall

A

fragile cell that can result in lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Disruption of plasma membrane

A

agent damages lipids/proteins in cell membrane
content leakage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

denaturation of proteins

A

alcohols, acids, heat damage proteins and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

damage to nucleic acids

A

inhibit replication/transcription/translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

7 physical methods of control

A
  • heat
  • pasteurization
  • dedication
  • filtration
  • radiation
  • osmotic pressure
  • low temps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Heat method of control

A
  • superior method
  • inactivates proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Why is moist heat superior to dry heat

A

penetrates better, denatures proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pasteurization method of control

A

mild heat destroys pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

dedication method of control

A

dehydration inhibits bacterial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

filtration method of control

A

physical separation of microbe form liquid or gas using membrane filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

radiation method of control

A

damage to proteins and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Osmotic pressure method of control

A

highly concentrated solutions dehydrate microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

refrigeration method of control

A

decreases bacterial enzyme activity and can’t reproduce

55
Q

spectrum of resistance from lowest to highest

A

lipid envelope, gram +, no envelope, fungi, gram -, protozoa, mycobacterium, endospores

56
Q

Chemical methods of control

A
  • antiseptics and disinfectants
  • work by disruption of plasma membrane and denaturation of proteins
  • microorganisms are not equally effected by anti microbial chemicals
57
Q

do most anti microbial chemicals sterilize

A

No

58
Q

define antiseptic

A

chemicals applied to the body that inhibit/destroy microorganisms

59
Q

define disinfectant

A

chemicals use don non living objects to kill/destroy microorganisms

60
Q

superior chemical methods (kill everything)

A
  • chlorine
  • hydrogen peroxide
  • glutearaldehyde
  • formaldehyde
  • gaseous sterilants
61
Q

what is the filter paper method

A
  • evaluates efficacy of chemical agent
  • zone of inhibition: clear area around paper disks with no bacterial growth
62
Q

3 factors leading to decrease in infectious disease

A
  • improved methods of sterilization
  • discovery and use of vaccines
  • development of anti microbial drugs and antibiotics
63
Q

define anti microbial drug

A

synthetic product made in laboratory

64
Q

define antibiotic

A

natural product made by 1 microbe that inhibits or kills another microbe

65
Q

what is spectrum of activity

A

specific group of organisms that specific agent is effective against

66
Q

6 mechanisms of action

A
  • inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • inhibition of protein synthesis
  • disruption of nucleic acids
  • disruption of plasma membrane
  • inhibit folic acid synthesis
  • inhibit fungal infections
67
Q

Isoniazid and ethambutol

A

inhibit production and incorporation of mycolic acid into the cell wall of mycobacterium

68
Q

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A
  • inhibits peptidase enzyme necessary to cross link glycan chains in peptidoglycan
69
Q

drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A
  • penecillins
  • cephalosporins
  • bacitracin
  • vancomycin
70
Q

inhibition of protein synthesis

A

drugs interact with prokaryotic ribosomes and stop translation of proteins

71
Q

drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • tetracycline
  • chloramphenicol
72
Q

disruption of nucleic acids

A

drugs interfere with dna or rna

73
Q

drugs that disrupt nucleic acids

A
  • quinolones
  • rifampin
74
Q

disruption of plasma membrane

A

drugs have specificity based on differences in membrane lipids

75
Q

drugs that disrupt plasma membrane

A

polymyxins

76
Q

inhibit folic acid synthesis

A

inhibit enzymes necessary to make folic acid

77
Q

drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis

A
  • sulfanomides
  • trimeothoprin
78
Q

inhibition of fungal infections

A

eukaryotic

79
Q

drugs that inhibit fungal infections

A
  • polyenes
  • Imidolzoles
  • Grislofulvin
80
Q

5 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A
  • enzymes produced that inactivate drug
  • membrane protein receptors altered and drug cannot enter cell
  • membrane protein pumps drug out of cell
  • mutations in cell target cite and drug cannot bind
  • microbe develops an alternate pathway or enzyme
81
Q

3 effects of drug resistance

A

toxicity
allergic reactions
suppression of normal flora

82
Q

toxicity

A

drug can become toxic to people with prolonged use

83
Q

allergic reactions

A

drug works as antigen

84
Q

suppression of normal flora

A

drug can deplete normal flora and pathogens over take

85
Q

kirby bauer test

A
  • determine sensitivity of resistance
  • antibiotic disks placed on agar plate
  • the larger the sone of inhibition the better
  • sensitive-resistant-intermediate
86
Q

MIC Test

A
  • determines minimum concentration of antibiotic that prevents growth
  • serial dilutions of particular antibiotic are made
  • 1st well that is clear=no growth
87
Q

Define pathogen

A

organism capable of causing disease

88
Q

define infection

A

invasion of pathogenic organisms in body

89
Q

define invasiveness

A

pathogens ability to penetrate individuals tissue and establish itself

90
Q

define infectious disease

A

altered state of health cause by pathogenic microorganisms

91
Q

define sign

A

change in patient visible and measurable

92
Q

define symptom

A

changes felt only by patient

93
Q

define normal flora

A

microorganisms normally found on a given habitat on our body consistently

94
Q

define transient microorganisms

A

organisms found on body only for brief periods of time

95
Q

define mutualistic symbiont

A

host and microbes benefit

96
Q

define commensal

A

microbes benefit

97
Q

define opportunistic

A

microbes benefit, host is hurt

98
Q

3 major interacting factors

A
  • virulence of organism
  • number of organisms
  • status of persons immune system
99
Q

6 virulence factors

A
  • body site must be optimal for microbe
  • adherence factors
  • escape from bodies immune system
  • direct invasion of host cell
  • siderophores
  • toxicity
100
Q

Body site optimal for growth

A

growth requirements met

101
Q

adherence factors

A

Components of cell wall
- fimbriae and capsules

102
Q

escape from bodies immune system

A

anti-phagocytes structures: fimbriae and capsules impede phagocytosis
- genetic factors

103
Q

direct invasion of host cell

A

pathogen invades and multiplies which kills cells

104
Q

Siderophores

A

high affinity for iron may aid organism to remain in host

105
Q

toxin production

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

106
Q

exotoxins

A
  • secreted proteins
  • disease specific signs/symptoms
  • antibody production
  • can immunize against
  • produce frequently due to plasmid/prophage
  • produced mostly by gram +
107
Q

endotoxins

A
  • lipopolysaccharides
  • same signs/symptoms
  • released when organism is destroyed in host
  • no ABs against
  • can’t immunize against
  • produced by gram - bacteria
108
Q

define intoxication

A

directly ingest toxin

109
Q

define infection

A

ingest pathogen which produces toxin

110
Q

define pathology

A

study of disease

111
Q

define etiology

A

cause of disease

112
Q

define pathogenesis

A

development of disease

113
Q

reservoirs

A
  • continual source of pathogen
  • human body, animals, water, soil, food
114
Q

transmission routes

A
  • how pathogen is spread
  • contact, vehicle, animal
115
Q

5 portals of entry

A
  • respiratory tract
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • genitourinary tract
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • blood
116
Q

4 phases of infectious disease development

A
  • incubation
  • prodormal
  • illness
  • convalescence
117
Q

incubation period

A

time interval between infection and first signs/symptoms

118
Q

prodromal period

A

short period of mild signs and symptoms

119
Q

illness period

A

most acute, full blown disease, overt signs/symptoms
highest level of organisms

120
Q

Convalescence period

A

recovery time, signs/symptoms subside

121
Q

acute disease

A

disease develops rapidly for short duration.

122
Q

chronic disease

A

disease develops slowly
milder but longer lasting symptoms

123
Q

local disease

A

infection limited to one area of the body

124
Q

systematic

A

infection spread throughout the body

125
Q

primary

A

body’s defenses are overcome by pathogen

126
Q

secondary

A

opportunistic bacteria causes infection after primary infection

127
Q

inapparent

A

signs/symptoms non existent but infection still transmitted to others

128
Q

define endemic

A

disease constantly present within geographic area

129
Q

define epidemic

A

sharp increase in cases during specific period of time

130
Q

define sporadic

A

disease occurs occasionally in random sporadic ways

131
Q

define prevalence

A

percentage of population that contract disease at any given time

132
Q

define incidence

A

percentage of population that contract disease during specific period of time

133
Q

emerging infectious diseases

A
  • diseases that are new or changing and increasing or expected to increase in future
  • AIDS, E. coli, Streptococcus, Lymes, Anthrax

Microbioloy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions