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Microbioloy > Unit 1 lecture 1-6 > Flashcards

Unit 1 lecture 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

define microbiology

A

The study of small life

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2
Q

Benefits of Microorganisms

A
  • Basis of the food chain
  • decomposition of organic wastes
  • photosynthesis
  • nitrogen fixation
  • digestion and production of vitamins
  • commercial applications
  • underground microbes
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3
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A
  • named by genus and species
  • capitalize genus not species
  • underline and italicize both
  • description, scientist, location
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4
Q

Who created binomial nomenclature

A

Carl Von Linne in 1735

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5
Q

medical microbiology

A

disease in humans and animals

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6
Q

public health/epidemiology microbiology

A

monitor/control spread of disease

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7
Q

immunology

A

hosts reactions to foreign substance in body

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8
Q

industrial microbiology

A

food and water

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9
Q

agriculture microbiology

A

agriculture of plants and animals

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10
Q

6 subdivisions of microbiology

A
  • public health/epidemiology
  • immunology
  • agricultural
  • environmental
  • industrial
  • medical
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11
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • 1700s
  • developed microscope
  • discovered microorganisms
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12
Q

Hooke

A
  • 1655
  • reported cells as smallest form of human life
  • cell theory
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13
Q

Redi

A
  • 1688
  • life cannot spontaneously generate
  • biogenesis
  • 3 jars of meat
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14
Q

Pasteur

A
  • 1861
  • final disproof of abiogenesis
  • microbes can be destroyed with heat
  • fermentation: aerobic/anaerobic
  • vaccination
  • pasteurization
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15
Q

Hoch

A
  • first definitive proof that bacteria cause disease
  • postulates: specific bacteria cause specific diseases
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16
Q

Biogenesis

A

living matter arises only from other living matter

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17
Q

germ theory

A

microorganisms cause disease

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18
Q

spontaneous generation

A
  • abiogenesis
  • life can spontaneously arise
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19
Q

cell theory

A

all living things composed of cells

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20
Q

fermentation

A

sugars converted to alcohol: anaerobic

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21
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without air

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22
Q

Aerobic

A

with air

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23
Q

Pasteurization

A

extend shelf life of food using mild heat

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24
Q

Bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

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25
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

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26
Q

Protozoology

A

study of protozoa

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27
Q

Phycology

A

Study of algae

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28
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses

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29
Q

When was golden age of microbiology

A

1857-1914!

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30
Q

Who were the most influential during the golden age

A

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

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31
Q

what was influential about golden age

A
  • improved microscopy
  • identified microbial agents of disease
  • procedure to culture microbes
  • developed vaccines
  • role of immunity and prevention
  • important surgical techniques
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32
Q

Whittaker Diagram Classes

A
  • Monera: prokaryotes
  • Protista, fungi, plants, animals: eukaryotes
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33
Q

Why are viruses not included

A

Not made up of cells

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34
Q

Monera

A

Archaea and bacteria

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35
Q

Fungi

A

Yeats and Molds

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36
Q

Protista

A

Algae and protozoa

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37
Q

plants

A

mosses and trees

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38
Q

define polymer

A
  • large macromolecules made by putting many smaller building blocks together
  • the major macromolecules in all cells
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39
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Building blocks: simple sugars
  • bonds: glycosidic
  • enzymes: hydrolyses
  • function: nutrient and energy stores; structural support and protection
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40
Q

what is the cell wall for plants, bacteria, algae and fungi

A

Carbohydrates

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41
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A
  • reactions for all macromolecules
  • 1 water molecules lost as each bond formed
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42
Q

Types of Lipids

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • steroids and waxes
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43
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • building blocks: glycerol+3 fatty acids
  • bonds: ester bonds
  • enzymes: lipase
  • function: twice as much energy storage
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44
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • building blocks: glycerol+2fatty acids+phosphate group+orgo group
  • bonds: ester bonds
  • enzymes: lipase
  • function: structural component of cell membranes
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45
Q

structure of phospholipid

A
  • cell membrane bilayer
  • polar heads: hydrophilic: glycerol, phosphate, organic
  • nonpolar tails: hydrophobic: 2 fatty acids
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46
Q

Steroids

A
  • comped organic ringed structures found in cell membranes and animal hormones
  • cholesterol and mycoplasma
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47
Q

Waxes

A
  • long chain of alcohol + saturated fatty acid
  • water proofing property
  • mycolic acid: waxy lipid layer found in cell wall of mycobacterium and nocardia
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48
Q

Proteins

A
  • carboxyl group+amino group+R
  • building blocks: amino acids
  • bonds: peptide bonds
  • enzymes: peptidase
  • function: structure and catalyst
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49
Q

Primary level of protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids

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50
Q

Secondary level of protein

A

folding of polypeptide chain in different regions; alpha helix/beta pleated sheer

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51
Q

Tertiary level of protein

A

fully folded 3 dimensional structure

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52
Q

Quaternary level of proteins

A

2 or more fully folded chains that form 1 functional unit

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53
Q

define enzymes

A

large globular proteins that work as biological catalyst to speed up biological reactions

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54
Q

Lock and key model of enzymes

A

Each enzymes is very specific for a particular substrate

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55
Q

Coenzymes/cofactors

A

additional non protein component an enzyme requires to be fully functional

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56
Q

Cofactors

A

help to bring active site and substrate together; metals

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57
Q

Coenzymes

A

remove a chemical group from 1 substrate and add it to another; organic molecules

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58
Q

factors that influence Enzyme activity

A
  • PH: optimal or 7 or denaturation
  • temp: 30-40C; higher temp higher activity
  • substrate concentration: higher concentration higher activity
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59
Q

Nuclei Acids DNA and RNA

A
  • building blocks: nucleotides
  • bonds: phosphodiester + hydrogen (DNA)
  • enzymes: nucleases
  • base pairing: A;T and G;C
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60
Q

DNA

A
  • double stranded
  • thymine
  • millions of nucleotides
  • genetic info
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61
Q

RNA

A
  • single stranded
  • uracil
  • 80-200,000 nucleotides
  • protein synthesis
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62
Q

Composition of nucleotides

A
  • base
  • pentose (5 carbon sugar)
  • phosphate group
63
Q

pyramidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

64
Q

Purines

A

Guanine and Adenine

65
Q

Categories of Woese fox system

A

Domain bacteria
Domain archaea
Domain Eukaryotes

66
Q

appendages

A
  • flagella
  • axial filaments
  • fimbriae
67
Q

Prokaryotic flagella

A
  • long slender thread like appendages composed of protein
  • motility in propeller motion
68
Q

prokaryotic axial filaments

A
  • protein fibrils wound around organism and attached at 2 poles
  • between cell wall and a lady’s membrane
  • rapid motility in corkscrew motion
69
Q

prokaryotic Fimbriae

A
  • short straight hair like fibers
  • composed of protein
  • adherence
70
Q

Prokaryotic Pili

A
  • elongated rigid tubular
  • composed of pilin
  • bacterial conjugation: transfer DNA
71
Q

Prokaryotic Surface Layers

A
  • glycocalyx
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
72
Q

Prokaryotic Glycocalyx

A
  • coating of sugar exterior to cell wall
  • capsule or slime layer
  • made of carbs and protein
  • increase virulence bc of adherence
73
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall

A
  • complex network of peptidoglycan
  • maintains shape, structural support, attachment point of flagella
74
Q

Gram + cell wall

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

75
Q

Gram - cell wall

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer plasma membrane

76
Q

Gram stain order

A

crystal violet, gram iodine, ethyl alcohol, safranin
- iodine forms complex with peptidoglycan

77
Q

Prokaryotic plasma membrane

A
  • thin membrane consisting of phospholipid bilayer and protein
  • allow material to enter or exit
  • enzymes of respiration and atp synthesis
  • synthesis of structural macromolecules
78
Q

internal structure of prokaryotes

A
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleoid
  • ribosomes
  • plasmids
  • inclusion bodies
79
Q

prokaryotic cytoplasm

A
  • gelatinous substance of cell inside plasma membrane
  • water and major macromolecules
80
Q

Prokaryotic nucleoid

A
  • single long continuously arranged thread of DNA tightly coiled around special basis proteins
  • bacterial chromosome
  • genetic info
81
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A
  • 2 subunits each composed of RNA and proteins
  • free or bound to cell membrane
  • protein synthesis
82
Q

prokaryotic plasmids

A
  • small circular extrachromosomal DNA
  • transferred through bacterial conjugation
  • antibiotic resistance
  • production of toxins
83
Q

Inclusion bodies

A
  • storage vessels or reserve deposits of nutrients
  • interior to cell layer
84
Q

Bacterial Cell measurement

A
  • micrometer
  • 1um= 1/1000 mm
85
Q

Unusual Prokaryotic Organisms

A
  • rickettsia
  • chlamydiae
  • mycoplasma
  • l forms
  • bdellovibrios
  • actinomycetes
86
Q

Rickettsia

A
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • gram - rods 1-2 um long
  • humans only infected by bite of anthropoid vector
  • spotted rash
87
Q

Chlamydiae

A
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • related to gram - bacteria
  • reproduce by binary fission
  • do not require anthropoid vectors
  • 0.2-1.5 um cocci
88
Q

Mycoplasma

A
  • smallest organism capable of growth outside of host cell
  • pleomorphic morphology: vary in size and shape
  • completely lack cell wall
  • cultured on solid media: fried egg appearance
89
Q

L forms

A
  • bacterial cells devoid of cell walls
  • naturally arise from a mutation in cell wall forming genes
  • formation can be induced by toxic salts
90
Q

Bdellovibrios

A
  • leech
  • parasitize other bacteria
  • comma shaped 1-2 um long
  • unusual developmental cycle
91
Q

Actinomycetes

A
  • obligate anaerobic
  • grown in mycelium
  • tissue destroying disease
92
Q

Nocardia

A
  • aerobic gram + acid fast
  • lesions on hands and feet, lung infections
93
Q

Streptomyces

A
  • rarely cause disease
  • extremely important in antibiotics
94
Q

Eukaryotic appendages

A
  • flagella
  • cilia
95
Q

eukaryotic flagella

A
  • long projection composed of 9+2 microtubules
  • 10x thicker than prokaryotes
  • few per cell
  • motility in mermaid motion
96
Q

eukaryotic cilia

A
  • identical to flagella but short and many per cell in precise rows around organism
  • movement and feeding
97
Q

Eukaryotic surface layers

A
  • cell wall
  • glycocalyx
  • plasma membrane
98
Q

eukaryotic cell wall

A
  • only in algae, fungi, plants
  • carbs and does not contain peptidoglycan
  • fungi: thigh layer cellulose
  • algae: all cellulose + pectin,mannans,and/or minerals
  • cell shape, protection against osmotic pressure
99
Q

eukaryotic glycocalyx

A
  • outer layer of carbohydrates
  • adherence cell-cell or environment
  • cell recognition: reception of signals form other cells + environment
100
Q

eukaryotic plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer with proteins
  • transport minerals in/out of cell
  • contains steroid for support
101
Q

Internal structures of eukaryotes

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, golgi, lysosomes
102
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • cell skeleton
  • comped internal network of fibers
  • support, shape, transport
  • microfilaments, intermediate, microtubules
103
Q

Organelles

A

Structures inside cytoplasm with a specific shape and specialized function within cell

104
Q

Nucleus

A
  • cells command center
  • rRNA synthesis, ribosomal subunits made
  • DNA: genetic info
105
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • cells power plant
  • generates energy in form of ATP
106
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • protein factories
  • made in nucleus
107
Q

Endo plastic Reticulum

A
  • rough: protein synthesis, packaging, transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
  • smooth: nutrient processing, lipid synthesis
108
Q

Golgi Body

A
  • packager of proteins
  • modifies proteins and targets them
109
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • cells garbage disposal
  • release digestive enzymes which break down bacterium
110
Q

Eukaryotic microorganisms

A
  • algae
  • fungi
  • protozoa
111
Q

Algae

A
  • photosynthetic and have cell walls
112
Q

chloroplasts

A

organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

113
Q

Chlorophyll

A
  • and other pigments
  • determine color of algae and wavelengths of light they can absorb
114
Q

1.) Chlorophyta

A
  • green
  • most diverse group
  • single cells, colonies, filimentous
115
Q

2.) Euglnophyta

A
  • green/ yellow-green
  • also carotene
  • single cell without cell wall that possess pellicle
116
Q

3.) Chrysophyla

A
  • yellow-green/ golden brown
  • carotene + xanthrophysis
  • unicellular diatoms: produce O2
  • pectin and cilia in cell walls
117
Q

4.) Phaeophyta

A
  • brown (fucoxanthin)
  • most complex
  • huge, multicellular, rapid growth
118
Q

5.) Pyrophyta

A
  • dinoflagellates
  • carotene and xanthins
  • unicellular: motile by 2 flagella
  • blooms
119
Q

6.) Rhodophyta

A
  • red
  • phycobiliproteins
  • greatest depths below ocean surface
  • unicellular: note flagellated ever
  • gellidium: agar
120
Q

Protozoa

A
  • non photosynthetic and lack cell walls
  • first animals
  • 4 groups based on means of locomotion
  • typhozoite and cyst form
121
Q

Typhozoite protozoa

A

metabolically active feeding form

122
Q

Cyst protozoa

A
  • rounded dormant formed for survival when…
  • food/moisture/oxygen lacking
  • temp not suitable
  • toxic chemicals present
123
Q

Fungi

A
  • non photosynthetic but have cell walls
  • dimorphic: exist in two forms
  • yeasts and molds
124
Q

Yeast cells

A
  • single cells, oval 5-10um
  • reproduce by budding
  • alcohol production and leavening
125
Q

Molds

A
  • Filaments of cells called hyphae
  • reproduce by spore formation
  • 3 major classes of fungi
126
Q

define Mycellium

A

Mass of hyphae

127
Q

Zygomycetes

A

Asexual: sporangiospores
sexual: zygospores

128
Q

Ascomycetes

A

Asexual: candiospores
sexual: ascospores

129
Q

Basidmycetes

A

sexual: basidospores

130
Q

define virus

A

obligate intracellular parasites not cells
- piece of nucleoid acid in a capsid

131
Q

isocahedral shape

A
  • polyhedral like soccer ball
  • 20 faces, each equilateral, forms hollow sphere
  • nucleus acid inside
  • amount of capsomeres depend on viral type
132
Q

Helical shape

A
  • viral nucleoid acid and capsomeres helically coiled together to form hollow rod
  • all animal helical viruses are RNA
133
Q

Viral envelope

A
  • outerlipid membrane surrounding virion
  • acquired as virion buds through host cell membrane
134
Q

virus measurement

A
  • nanometers
  • 1nm= 1/1000000 mm
135
Q

3 major methods to study disease

A
  • animal models: disease process and immune response
  • chick or duck embryo: grow viruses for vaccines
  • cell culture: most common
136
Q

5 phases of interaction of animal viruses with its host cell

A
  • attachment
  • penetration
  • uncoating
  • assembly
  • releases
137
Q

Attachment phase

A
  • virus attaches to specific receptors on host cell surface
  • most important stage for stopping viral infection
138
Q

Penetration phase

A
  • virus penetrated into host cell
  • 1 of 2 ways endocytosis or membrane fusion
139
Q

endocytosis

A
  • without envelope
  • engulfment of virions by host cell membrane
140
Q

Membrane fusion

A
  • envelope fuses with host cell membrane
  • nucleocapsid moves into host cells
141
Q

Uncoating phase

A

uncoating and of viral capsid and poly synthesis within cell
- replication,transcription and translation

142
Q

Assembly phase

A
  • DNA assembles in nucleus
  • RNA assembles in cytoplasm
143
Q

Release phase

A
  • release virions by lysis if without envelope
  • release through budding if with envelope
144
Q

define bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacterial cells

145
Q

lytic cycle

A
  • page attaches to host cell and penetrates and injects dna
  • phage dna directs synthesis of viral components by host cell which are assembled into virions
  • cell bursts and virions released
146
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  • phage attaches to host cell and infects dna which integrates within bacterial chromosome: prophage
  • many cell divisions occur
147
Q

Plasmid

A
  • extrachromosomal
  • non viral
  • many contain genes for toxin production
  • increase virulence
148
Q

Prophage

A
  • inserted into dna of host cell
  • viral in origin
  • may contain genes for toxin production
  • increase virulence
149
Q

Protooncogenes

A
  • protroncogones- proteins- stimulate proliferation
  • transformation if altered or amount of proteins increase
150
Q

TSG

A
  • TSG- proteins- suppress proliferation
  • transformation if TMG mutated, deleted or proteins altered or removed
151
Q

Cancers from DNA viruses

A
  • epstein barr
  • hepatitis b
  • HPV
  • Human Herpes Virus 8
152
Q

Cancers from RNA viruses

A
  • retrovirus
  • HIV
  • Aids
  • hepatitis c
153
Q

Retroviruses

A
  • viral rna-dna-integration
  • virion bonded to host cell receptors
  • penetration of virion into host cell
  • uncoating of viral capsid
  • reverse transcriptase: RNA- DNA
  • viral dna integrated into host cell dna
  • biosynthesis: replication of DNA
  • assembly of viral particles
  • release croons through budding

Microbioloy (7 decks)

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