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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 4 - Integumentary > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

integument functions

A

protection
prevents desiccation (moisture removal)
helps maintain body temp
excretes salt, water, waste
receives sensory info
synthesizes vit D
stored nutrients

*most important = barrier
- maintains internal environment by preventing electrolyte + water loss AND by stopping external toxins from getting in

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2
Q

3 skin layers

A

1) epidermis
2) dermis AKA corium
3) hypodermis AKA subcutaneous

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3
Q

epidermis

A

above basement membrane
- keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
- no vessels

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4
Q

dermis

A

tough layer below epi
- dense irregular CT
- vessels

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5
Q

hypodermis

A
  • adipose
  • thermoinsulation + injury protection
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6
Q

cell type: keratinocyte

A

majority of skin cells
- made in basement membrane.
- keratinization: losing nucleus and dying
- sloughed at surface
- keratin makes waterproof

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7
Q

more cell types

A

melanocyte: produce melanin
- all animals have melanocytes, but the melanin produced varies (albinos produce none)
- pigment released in vesicles -> up to keratinocytes -> colour given
- coat colar = presence/absence of melanin granules in keratinocytes + hair.
- sun exposure increases melanin synthesis
- protects from UV
- decreases w/age

langerhans (macrophage)
- phagocytize microinvaders

merkel
- sensory nerve endings
- basal layer of epidermis

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8
Q

hairless epidermis layers

A

1) stratum corneum (horny)
2) stratum lucidum (clear)
3) stratum granulosum (granular)
4) stratum spinosum (spiny)
5) stratum basale (basal)

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9
Q

hairy epidermis

A

1) stratum corneum
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum basale

  • scalelike folds on skin surface where hair grows out of
  • tactile elevations = epidermal papillae
  • tactile hairs = tylotrich
    -> sense of touch
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10
Q

dermis

A

greatest portion of integument (‘the hide’).
- highly fibrous
- dense irregular CT (collagen, elastic, reticular fibers)
- give strength
- can be tanned to make leather

other components:
- hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, lymphatic channels, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages

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11
Q

dermis layers

A

1) papillary
- thin, superficial
- just below epi
- dermal papillae
- looping vessles
- nerve endings + meissner’s corpuscles (touch)

2) reticular
- majority.
- indistinct boundary b/w papillary
- parallel collagen fiber bundles (make incisions along these lines for faster healing)
- dermal folds AKA flexure lines at joints

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12
Q

hypodermis

A

thick layer
allows skin to move freely over underlying structures
- loose areolar tissue layer w/ adipose, blood + lymph vessels, nerves
- continuous w dermis
- pacinian corpuscles (special type of touch receptor for heavy pressure)

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13
Q

paw pads

A

thick fat + CT covered by thick stratum corneum in form of conical papillae
- shock absorber
- insulates heat/cold
- protects from rough ground
- all 5 layers
- exocrine glands (other than horses, only location of sweat)

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14
Q

ergots + chestnuts

A

dark horny bits on horse legs
- vestiges of digits

chestnuts: medial on each leg at carpus/tarsus

ergots: smaller, hidden under hair on fetlock, caudal

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15
Q

planum nasale/nasolabiale

A
  • usually pigmented
  • aglandular in SAm glandular in sheep + cattle
  • dogs lick nose to keep it moist, cows lick nose to keep it clean (so a runny nose might be a sign a cow is sick!)

planum nasale:
- top of nose in cats, pigs, sheep, dogs
- polygonal plates in dogs

planum nasolabiale:
- cow muzzle
- hairless

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16
Q

cutaneous pouches in sheep

A

infoldings of skin w/hair, sebaceous and oil glands

3 locations:
- infraorbital
- interdigital
- inguinal

fatty smelly yellow secretion dies and sticks to skin

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17
Q

skin injury response

A

PRISH
pain (licking, chewing, scratching)

redness

immobility (loss of function)
- alopecia
- thickening (lichenification)
- wrinkling
- melanosis (pigmentation)

swelling
- edema

heat

  • other things related to exudate: crusting, scabbing, pustules
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18
Q

allergies

A

often manifest as skin issues
eg. recurrent ear/anal sac infection
- dogs chewing at paws
- cats compulsive grooming -> alopecia
- parasitic dermatitis (flea allergy) presents on back, abdomen, and tail

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19
Q

hair

A

essential for survival
- maintains body temp (traps air, dark colors absorb light)
- protection via camouflage

PARTS
1) shaft (visible above skin)
2) root (below skin)
2a. plexus: web of nerve endings around root

3) follicle (invagination of epidermis into dermis + hypo)
3a. hair bulb: deepest part of follicle, expanded into a hollow area
3b. papilla: mound of dermal cells at base of bulb
3c. matrix: dividing epithelial cells covering papilla, nourished by vessels below
* compound follicles = multiple strands from one pore (3 in dogs)

layers:
1) medulla: core
2) cortex: thickest layer, keratin
3) cuticle: thin surface shingle-like layer

  • as cells divide in matrix -> old cells pushed up -> keratinized + die -> makes hair
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20
Q

hair growth

A

anagen = growth
catagen = transition
telogen = resting

telogen = bulb separates from dermis (hair falls out + new growth starts
- telogen effluvium = shedding
- can happen seasonally, due to disease, or hormonal changes (eg. ‘blowing the coat’ in bitches after parturition)

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21
Q

hair colour

A

melanin made in base of follicle -> transferred to corticol + medullary cells of hair

types of melanin: orange, black/brown, none (albino = white)

22
Q

hair types

A

1) primary AKA guard
- straight, thicker and longer

2) secondary AKA wool-type
- softer and shorter
- often waxy (lanolin -> waterproofer)

  • compound follicle often guard hair surrounded by wool hair

3) tactile
- sinus, whiskers, intermittently mixed in coat
- feelers, highly innervated follicle.
- stiff

23
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscle at each follicle
- innervated by sympathetic NS
- contration pulls hair erect

24
Q

sweat glands AKA sudoriferous

A

watery liquid to help cool the body
- all over entire body, but only horses really sweat

1) eccrine/merocrine: empty onto skin surface
2) apocrine: empty into follicles

25
Q

sebaceous glands

A

in dermis
- produce sebum
- simple or complex alveolar structure
- empty into follicle OR directly into skin (eg. lips, labia, penis, anus, eyelid, ear canal)
- hormone sensitive (increase at puberty)
- sebum bidning to dead skin cells -> blocked duct opening -> duct ruptures -> releases bacteria into epi/dermis -> inflammation

in sheep sebum = lanolin
- oily lipid
- arrector pili muscle compresses gland -> sebum pushed out of duct into follicle
- coats hair and surrounding skin (traps moisture, keeps soft + waterproof, reduces infection risk)

26
Q

tail/chin glands

A

oval region at base of tail in cats/dogs
- large sebaceous glands
- coarse, oily hairs
- help animals identify each other
- more noticeable in males (‘stud tail’ in cats)
- also on chin of cats
- cyst prone

27
Q

anal sacs

A

lined with sebaceous + apocrine sweat glands
- expressed when defecating (to mark territory) OR when scared
- connected by single duct to lateral of anus
- can become blocked

anal sac disease:
- infection
- don’t like to sit
- lick anal area
- scooting
- painful defecation
- rupture and drain pus if severe
- may be sign of allergies
- treatment: digital pressure, flush with catheter + warm water, surgical removal possible

28
Q

claws/hooves

A

traction, climbing, defense, attack

*nails differ = only partial coverings

29
Q

clawed mammals

A

bear most weight on foot pads
- retractible in all felids except cheetah
- declaw: amputation of P3 on each digit

30
Q

hoofed mammals

A

bear most of weight on horn

ruminants: only digit 3 + 4 weight-bearing
- weight-bearing hooves called ‘lateral/medial claw’
- cow hoof like horse, only no frog + 2 claws

horses: only digit 3 bears weight

31
Q

dewclaws

A

remnants of digits
- dogs: remnant of 1st digit.
- cow, pig, sheep: lateral AND medial dewclaws (2nd + 5th)
- only pigs have bones in dewclaws

32
Q

horse hoof parts

A

1) hoof wall
- equivalent ot fingernail
- toe, quarters, and heel regions
- thick at toe, thin at heel
- vertical lines ‘horn tubes’
- may have horizontal ridges (period of growth)
- grows from coronary band -> down
- walls expand during weight-bearing

2) corium
- like a modified dermis
- underlying sensitive tissue
- attached to periosteum of distal phalanx
- blood vessels + nerves
- divided into:
coronary corium + perioplic corium, laminar corium, sole corium, frog corium

a. perioplic band: narrow region at proximal border of hoof
- equivalent to cuticle
- epidermal cells produce external layer of hoof wall

b. coronary band AKA coronet
- wider band distal to periople
- produces middle layer of hoof wall
- thick, weight-bearing layer
- grows from here -> downward

3) laminae
- connects hoof wall to corium (which is bound to P3)
- lets hoof wall grow out by sliding over each other
- only dermal laminae sensitive

4) sole
- bottom of hoof
- concave: not weight-bearing, but improves foothold
- no nerves/vessels superficially
- white line = junction of fool wall + sole

5) frog
- triangular structure w/central sulcus (cleft)
- cushions heel, reduces slipping, helps pump blood back up leg from corium during weight bearing
- digital cushion = thick pad of fat below frog
- sulci = valleys b/w edges of frog, must be scraped out w/hoof pick

33
Q

shoeing

A

prevents excessive expansion of hoof during wight-bearing
- improves traction
- makes a barrier b/w ground + hoof -> injury protection
- combined w/trimming

34
Q

hoof cartilage

A

lateral + collateral = pair that attach to angles of P3 and extend into the heel just above coronary band

  • work w/frog + digital cushion to pump blood through foot
  • frog + digital cushion flatten/widen during weight bearing
  • puts pressure on walls, bars, and collateral cartilage
    -pressure forces blood up
35
Q

horse hoof bones

A

short pastern: P2
navicular: distal sesamoid
coffin bone: P3
- covered w/laminar coreum which interdigitate w/laminae of hoof

36
Q

laminitis AKA founder

A

inflammation of laminae attaching hoof wall to corium
- usually front feet, will stand w/front feet out + hind limbs under (adjusting weight)
- feel hot to touch, increased digital pulses

  • cause: diet -> sudden grain increase or fresh spring grass ingested
  • starch + fructans (from grass) aren’t digested in SI and pass to LI -> bacterial overgrowth in LI -> toxins produced and absorbed
  • swelling trapped by wall -> compression inhibits blood flow to corium -> corium degenerates
  • wall + corium attachment lost -> pedal bone rotates/sinks within hoof -> pressure on sole/perforation of sole
  • sole itself may sink.flatten
  • hoof wall develops ridges and curls up at toe

treatment: pain + anti-inflammatory meds
- ice: prevents laminae breakdown
- shoeing/trimming, feed changes (but takes months)

prevention:
- limit high carb feed
- be careful of sudden introduction to lush pastures
- retained placenta from metritis can be complicated by laminitis, monitor feet carefully

37
Q

sandcracks

A

vertical cracks
- named for toe/heel/quarter
- begins at solar border = from improper trimming
- begins at coronary band = from hoof defect
- dry hoofs more vulnerable

38
Q

thrush

A

degenerating frog
- from filth + microorganisms
- black necrotic area

39
Q

contracted foot/heels

A

foot narrower than normal
- from lack of frog pressure or improper shod
- front feet usually
- can cause lameness: ‘hoofbound’

heels:
- heels drawn in, bars almost parallel to frog -> frog reduced

40
Q

navicular disease

A

chronic degenerative navicular
- older horses
- usually front feet
- trauma of racing + defective shoeing contribute
- begins w/cartilage loss + bursa inflammation

  • common cause of ‘heel pain lameness’
41
Q

bruised sole

A

direct injury from stones/irregular ground
- poor shoeing predisposes
- could cause lameness

42
Q

bovine foot rot

A

inflamed interdigital space + coronary region
- caused by microorganisms
- signs: smell, redness, swelling, discharge
- responsive to antibiotics

43
Q

bovine interdigital dermatitis AKA slurry heel

A

infection of heel bulb + interdigital skin
- lameness rare
- treat w/coppertox (topical disinfectant)

44
Q

bovine interdigital fibroma AKA corns

A

proliferation of tissue of interdigital cleft
- associated w/foot rot + interdigital dermatitis
- mass of CT projects between claws
- walking painful as corn increases

45
Q

bovine overgrown hoof

A

long hoof wall (usually lateral claw)
- base narrow conformation
- lateral wall curls under sole
- toe long

46
Q

bovine hoof wall fissures

A

vertical/horizontal
- if found in one claw, check opposite foot too
- vertical (sandcracks) = overgrown claw -> abnormal weight bearing -> possible laminitis (more likely in dry weather)
- horizontal (thimbling) = mature dairy cattle following laminitis, usually affects all 8 claws

47
Q

bovine laminitis

A

same as horse, but only mild pain
- necrotic toe lesions result

48
Q

bovine ulcerations of the sole

A
  • common in dairy
  • front feet of bulls
  • rear feet of cows
  • ulcers in the sole -> lameness
49
Q

horn

A

bony growth w/epidermal covering
- similar to hoof: corium binds keratin tubules bound to periosteum of underlying bony core

  • become hollow ~6 months
  • male + female
  • usually permanent + grow continuously
  • pronghorn antelopes: only species to shed horns annually

polled = no horns in a species that normally has horns
- polled breeds: bred to have no horns

50
Q

antlers

A

typically only males
- shed annually
- bony growth nourished by velvet outer
- CT ring forms like tourniquet around base once fully grown -> makes velvet slough -> antler hardens

  • late fall/winter the bony base connecting to skull weakens -> falls off
  • antler harvest = painful

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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