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Question 1

tissue layers

Answer 1

mucosa (epithelium)
submucosa (CT)
muscularis (smooth)
serosa

Question 2

rumen cellulose digestion

Answer 2

• cellulase turns it into saccharides
• microbes turn saccharides into VFA + methane + CO2
• VFAs go to liver for gluconeogenesis (propionic), become adipose, or burned

Question 3

rumen protein digestion

Answer 3

• microbe proteases turn protein into AAs
• AAs make body protein or turn into VFAs (+ammonia)
• Ammonia -> urea -> nitrogen source for microbes
• microbes digested as protein in SI

Question 4

stomach secretions

Answer 4

1) PEPSINOGEN (chief)
- gastrin stimulates
- makes pepsin (for protein -> peptides) when combined with HCl

2) MUCIN (goblet)
- + water + bicarb = mucus
- ulcer protection

3) HYDROGEN + CHLORIDE (parietal)
- sterilizes + denatures
- parietal cells have hormone receptors that regulate H + Cl release

hormones:
- GASTRIN (g cells in antrum) stops HCl, released when stomach is too acidic AND when antrum fills, triggers pepsinogen to release to come help break up the proteins
- ACETYLCHOLINE
- HISTAMINE stimulates HCl

Question 5

duodenum secretions

Answer 5

1) SECRETIN
- too much acid in SI -> stops antrum peristalsis

2) CHOLECYSTOKININ
- too much protein/fat in SI -> stops antrum peristalsis and starts squeezing CKK from gall bladder

Question 6

long intestine mods

Answer 6

1) long and coiled
2) mucosa plicated w/crypts below surface
3) villi
4) microvilli on each villi

Question 7

gastric starch digestion

Answer 7

1) amylase (saliva + pancreas) breaks into di
2) sucrase/maltase/lactase (microvilli) breaks into mono
3) 2nd active transport of glucose w/Na on brush border
4) glucose enters blood through diffusion

Question 8

gastric protein digestion

Answer 8

1) pepsin (stomach) -> polypeptides
2) proteases (pancreas) activated -> peptides
3) peptidases (microvilli) -> AAs
4) 2nd active transport w/ carrier molecules
5) AAs diffuse into blood

Question 9

gastric lipid digestion

Answer 9

1) emulsified w/ bile
2) lipases (pancreas) -> fatty acid + monoglycerides.
3) micelles (bundle of FA, mono, bile) transport to villi
4) bile stays, FAs + mono enter cell
5) reassembled into ‘chylomicrons’ (tri + protein)
6) too large to diffuse, travel through lymph.
* exception = medium chain

Question 10

hind gut

Answer 10

fiber not digested in SI OR in rumen, done in cecum + LI
- end in VFAs + bicarbonate
- microbes can’t be digested

Question 11

livers job

Answer 11

1) filter blood
2) makes albumin
3) stores vitamins, minerals, glucose
4) glucose metabolism
5) makes hormones (bile, cholesterol, bilirubin)

Question 12

bloat

Answer 12

abdominal distension from gas, must be eructated
- look out for big L side

Question 13

abomasal displacement

Answer 13

usually LDA, abomasum (usually bottom middle) pushes rumen out of the way
-in high perofrming richly fed post-partum dair cows

Question 14

diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

often secondary to pancreatitis. cells are starving even though BS high

1) insulin insufficiency (dogs)
2) insulin resistance (cats)

• polyuria/dispia,phagia, cataracts, neuropathy, weight loss

Question 15

hepatitis signs

Answer 15

jaundice (bilirubin)
edema (no albumin)

Question 16

colic

Answer 16

abdominal pain from a kinked lumen blocking outflow and causing fluid accumulation

• often w/ intussusception, enteritis, obstruction, torsion, volvolus

Question 17

constipation causes

Answer 17

• not enough fiber (GIT doesn’t distend -> doesn’t contract)
• electrolyte imbalance
• stress (symp stops)
• drugs (atropine mimics stress)

Question 18

diarrhea

Answer 18

SI secreting too much
LI not absorbing enough

Question 19

gastric dilation volvolus

Answer 19

torsion
- deep chest, exercising after big meal
- distended abdomen, retching, pacing, drooling