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Anatomy & Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

-tropin

A

to make happen

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2
Q

what is a hormone?

A

chemical messenger that is secreted into blood when stimulated

  • receptors on target organ are sensitive to specific hormones
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3
Q

what do endocrine glands do?[

A

synthesize + store + secrete hormones

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4
Q

3 ways secretion is controlled

A

1) negative feedback
- risen above level -> signal to stop

2) positive feedback
- using more -> making more
ie. nursing releases prolactin

3) nervous stimulation
ie. SNS releases adrenalin

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5
Q

what is a paracrine gland?

A

makes local hormones into tissue, not inro bloodstream
ie. eicosanoids

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6
Q

what is an eicosanoid?

A

hormone-like, made from unsaturated fat
- act close to place of production
- blocked by NSAIDs

3 types :
- prostaglandins
- leukotrienes (WBC causing inflammation)
- thromboxanes (for clotting)

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7
Q

prostaglandins

A
  • most organs make it; many different types
  • vasodilation
  • GI contraction/relaxation
  • bronchoconstriction
  • renal blood flow
  • platelet aggregation
  • inflammation (PGE)
  • reproduction (PGF2-a causing luteolysis)
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8
Q

how can prostaglandin help cow reproduction?

A

PGF2-a causes luteolysis (abortion) in early pregnancy -> gets estrus synchronized in cows so they can get pregnant at same time

CL regresses -> cow returns to heat
- easiest in heifers, lactation delays estrus in cows

other options:
- estrogen (stops FSH)
- CIDR (IUD device releases progesterone)
- GnRH (from hypothalamus; stimulates FSH + LH release from pituitary -> causes ovulation)

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

base of brain
- links cerebrum (consciousness) + endocrine

  • appetite, temperature, sleep-wake
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10
Q

pituitary

A

small pea at base of hypothalamus w/ stalk of nerves + vessels
- ‘master gland’

2 parts:
1) ANTERIOR (glandular/vesseled)
- produces hormones
- portal system of vessels connects to hypoth
- hypoth regulates hormone secretion in pituitary by secreting its own hormones (RH) into pituitary when CNS tells it to
- also directed from target organ feedback

  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • PRL
  • GH
  • FSH
  • LH

2) POSTERIOR (nervous)
- stores + releases but doesn’t produce
- direct transport via nerve connection
- hypoth nerve impulses stimulate release

  • ADH
  • Oxy
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11
Q

growth hormone
AKA somatotropin

A

body growth in young animals

  • builds from protein, uses fat, + increase glucose…….
  • promotes protein anabolism
  • moves lipid from storage for catabolism
  • promotes glycogenolysis -> more glucose (promotes hyperglycemia)

DEFICIENCY
- thin skin, alopecia
- dwarfism

EXCESS
- gigantism (excess while growing) -> bone growth
- acromegaly (excess while mature) -> cartilage growth
- bovine somatotropin excess increases milk production

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12
Q

prolactin

A

triggers + maintains lactation via positive feedback
- dries up if physical stimulation stops

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13
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
AKA thyrotropin

A
  • stimulates thyroid to make its hormones
  • stimulated by hypothalamus releasing TRH
  • negative feedback: increases if thyroid hormones drop; drops if thyroid hormones increase
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14
Q

adrenocorticotropin AKA ACTH

A
  • stimulates adrenal cortex
  • negative feedback
  • when CNS stressed -> hypothalamus releases ACTH-RH or C-RH -> pituitary releases ACTH -> ACTH causes cortisol release from adrenal cortex
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15
Q

follicle-stimulating AKA FSH

A
  • a gonadotropin
  • ovarian follicle growth
  • follicular cells release estrogen -> oocyte (egg) grows
  • more follicles -> release of more than one egg -> useful in animal production

males: sperm growth + estrogen production

…. estrogen/pituitary feedback eventually decreases FSH + increases LH

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16
Q

luteinizing AKA LH

A
  • a gonadotropin
  • ripens follicle -> rupture + release of egg
  • empty follicle becomes ‘corpus lute’ -> progestins (pregnancy maintainers) released

males: ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating) encourages testosterone

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17
Q

melanocyte-stimulating AKA MSH

A

high levels make skin darker
- colour changes in some animals (reptiles)

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18
Q

antidiuretic ADH
AKA vasopression

A

conserves water
- when dehydtrated -> ADH secreted
- more water gets reabsorbed in kidneys + urine = more concentrated
- blocked by alcohol + caffeine

DEFICIENCY
- diabetes insipidus
- PU/PD
- ADH mimicking drugs treat

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19
Q

mellitus vs. insipidus

A

I = insipidus low
M = insulin low

I = no glucose in pee
M = glucose i npee

I = low SG
M = normal/slightly low SG

I = high urine volume
M = high urine volume

20
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine muscle contraction
- encourages bonding w/ offspring
- causes milk letdown in mammary gland

21
Q

thyroid

A

thousands of follicles (cells around central colloid)
- produces T4/3 AND calcitonin

22
Q

thyroid hormone

A
  • numbered by iodine molecules
  • T3 = active form , produced from T4
  • T4 = main form, diagnostic, AKA thyroxine
  • TSH stimulates production
  • calorigenic: increases metabolism (goes up in cold, down when stressed)
  • if nutrition is good = protein anabolism, if nutrition poor = protein catabolism
  • lipid catabolism
  • can cause hyperglycemia
  • increases HR
  • helps young develop

PROBLEMS:
- goiter: benign thyroid enlargement from iodine deficiency
- decreased T4 -> pituitary makes more TSH -> thyroid englarges but is still hypo

  • hypothyroid: low T3 + 4, usually adult dogs
  • can cause dwarfism + cretinism in young
  • alopecia, dry skin, weight gain, tired, heat-seeking, slow HR
  • hyper: high T3 + 4 in cats
  • nervous, irritable, weight loss, hungry, high HR, PU/PD
  • gland removal or TH inhibitors
23
Q

calcitonin

A

keeps blood Ca from being high
- stored excess in bones

24
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

keeps blood Ca from being low:
- renal + intestinal absorption
- mobilization from bones

DEFICIENCY
- milk fever + ecclampsia

EXCESS
- osteoporosis
- rickets (bone deformity in growing animals)
- bighead/bran disease in horses (bone absorbs and is replaced by bulky gobrous tissue)

25
Q

adrenal cortex

A

glandular tissue, outer
- 3 layers, each producing different stress hormone

1) mineralocorticoid AKA aldosterone in outer
2) glucocorticoid AKA cortisone in middle
3) androgen/estrogen in inner

26
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

outer adrenal cortex
- regulate electrolytes
- increases blood Na, decreases K + H via kidneys
- water retains thanks to Na

renin-angtiontensin system stimulates release
- renin released from kidney when BP down
- precursor peptide converts -> angtiotensin II
- vasoconstricts to raise BP
- decreases renal perfusion; tells aldosterone to hold onto fluid

ACE inhibitors + andiotensin blockers = heart meds that lower BP
- angiotensin converting enzyme inhibited

27
Q

glucocorticoid

A

middle adrenal cortex layer
- increases blood glucose
- gluconeogenesis in liver
- stress response
- maintains BP
- mobilizes protein + fat
- anti-inflammatory (prednisone mimics)

side effects:
- PU/PD
- immunosuppression
- slow healing
- protein catabolism
- hyper glycemia

28
Q

adrenal medulla

A

nervous tissue
- modified neurons that act as hormone-secreting cells
- make epinephrine when SNS stimulates
- flight/flight comes from SNS + hormones

  • increased HR, RR (dilated airway), BP, blood glucose
  • decreased GI
29
Q

pancreas

A

exo + endo
thousands of ‘islets of langerhans’ with 3 different cell types (each making different hormone)
1) alpha - glucagon
2) beta - insulin
3) delta - somatostatin

30
Q

glucagon

A

pancreas
- raises blood glucose
- glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis

31
Q

insulin

A

pancreas, most important
- cells absorb glucose (lowers blood glucose)
- increases glycogensis
- increases protein + fat synthesis

32
Q

somatostatin

A

pancreas
- inhibits glucagon + insulin + GH
- decreases GI motility

33
Q

testes

A

coiled seminiferous tubules that produce sperm constantly + interstitial cells b/w that produce androgens

  • androgen: mostly testosterone
  • secondary sex characteristic development: muscle, libido, penis growth
  • sperm maturation
  • anabolic metabolic effect
  • produce LH
34
Q

ovaries

A

cyclically produce hormones + ova
- FSH + LH control

1) estrogen:
- made from developing follicle cells (thanks to FSH)
- causes estrus changes
- negative feedback to decrease FSH + increase LH when levels high
- ovulation = peak LH

2) progestins:
- after ovulation, LH turns empty follicle into corpus luteum
- CL makes progestin, persists if pregnant
- PGF2-a causes luteolysis: reduces progestins + aborts
- used as drug to suppress estrus, synchronize estrus, maintain pregnancy

35
Q

kidneys

A

1) erythropoietin (EPO)
- RBC production when hypoxia
- reason why renal failure often comes with anemia

2) renin

36
Q

stomach

A

gastrin:
- when food present = stimulates HCl + contraction

37
Q

small intestine

A

1) secretin
- makes pancreas release bicarb to neutralize

2) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- stop gastric secretion + motility
- makes gall bladder contract

38
Q

placenta

A

1) estrogen + progesterone

2) chorionic gonadotropin
- maintains CL in humans + horses (like LH)
- used in pregnancy tests

39
Q

thymus

A
  • helps young develop T lymphocytes (immunity)
    1) thymosin
    2) thymopoietin
40
Q

pineal

A
  • seasonal estrus in some species
  • photosensitive in fish + amphibians (thin skull, light penetrates)
  • photoreceptors in eyes relay light info in mammals (disrupted sleep from light at night)

1) melatonin
- high at night

41
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

not enough insulin made in pancreas -> cells can’t absorb -> high blood + urine glucose

signs:
- PU/PD
- polyphagia
- weight loss
- lethargy
- cataracts in dogs; plantigrade cats

treatments:
- insulin injection
- canned food for cats
- monitored diet

complications:
- ketoacidosis: body breaks down fat when there’s no insulin -> makes ketones. anorexia, dehydration, v/d
- bacterial infections
- insulin overdose -> hypoglycemia (restless, ataxia, seizures)

monitoring:
- blood glucose curves: measure every 2 hrs, nadir = lowest BG level
- fructosamine: blood sent to lab, gives average
- continuous: sensor in skin

42
Q

diabetes insipidus

A
  • kidneys not absorbing water
  • ADH deficiency OR collecting ducts not responding to ADH
  • diagnosed by giving synthetic ADH -> urine SG
  • or by depriving of water -> urine SG

signs:
- PU/PD
- dilute urine (low SG)

43
Q

cushings
AKA hyperadrenocorticism

A
  • adrenal cortex producing too much steroid
  • often from pituitary tumor -> negative feedback fails + pituitary keeps making ACTH even though cortisol is high

PU/PD
polyphagia
muscle wasting
abdominal distension
lethargy
thin skin + hair loss
- long hair in horses

44
Q

addison/s AKA hypoadrenocorticism

A
  • adrenal cortex not making enough steroid (mineralo +/- gluco)
  • immune-mediated cortex destruction, neoplasia, or iatrogenic long-term steroid administration
  • low Na + high K

anorexia
V/d
PU/PD
hypotension
bradycardia

45
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

1) neoplasia AKA primary
- high blood Ca, tissue calcification
- anorexia, lethargy, weakness

2) renal disease AKA renal secondary
- low blood Ca
- calcitriol (active vit D) stopped
- rubber jaw, lame, osteo, rickets

3) nutritional secondary
- diet low in Ca

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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