Unit 1: Body Organization Flashcards
Anatomy vs Physiology
Anatomy: structure
Physiology: function
Submicroscopic/biochemical
The structure of DNA and molecules
Microscopic
Cellular structure
(Histology: the study of microscopic anatomy)
Macroscopic
Gross anatomy (seen with the naked eye)
Systematic Anatomy
Breaks the body down into systems
Comparative Anatomy
Study of various species
Applied Anatomy
The practical application of anatomy study
- The functions of these structures and their relationship to each other, knowing any abnormalities/pathologies of the body structures
Bilateral Symmetry
Right and left halves mirror each other
Paired vs unpaired structures
Paired have mirror images (kidneys)
Unpaired are on/near the median plane (heart, stomach)
What are the 2 body cavities?
Dorsal (in cranium and spinal canal)
Ventral (subdivided into thoracic and abdominal)
Thoracic cavity
Subdivided by mediastinum (which encloses everything except lungs)
Abdominal cavity
Separated from thoracic by diaphragm
What are the membranes in the thoracic cavity?
Visceral pleura: lines thoracic organs
Parietal pleura: lines thoracic wall
Mediastinum: separates 2 halves of chest down median plane
Membranes in the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum: lines abdominal organs
Parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal wall
Pleural and peritoneal fluid
Fill the ‘potential space’ between membrane linings to reduce friction as organs move
Secreted by the membranes
Serous fluid: general term, regardless of location in body
Pericardium
The heart’s own membrane (derived from mediastinum)
Layer directly over and loose sac surrounding heart
Forms pericardial cavity
Levels of Organization
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
3 essential structures of mammal cells
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytosol
(bonus: sometimes specialized organelles)
4 main types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What is epithelial tissue made of?
Only cells
Epithelial tissue characteristics?
- Covers and protects surface of the body
- Skin, GIT lining, respiratory and cardiovascular system, bladder
- Some groups specialize to form glands (sweat, salivary, mammary)
What is connective tissue made of?
Cells + intercellular substances (eg. fibers)
Connective tissue characteristics?
- Connects body cells
- Provides support and struutre to soft cells
- Ranges from adipose to cartilage and bone
Muscle characteristics
- Moves the body
- 2 types: striated and smooth
- Conscious (skeletal) and unconscious (cardiac and smooth muscle [GIT, urinary])
Nervous tissue characteristics
- Transmit sensory information around the body
- Helps control functions and movement
What are organs made of?
A variety of tissues working together (eg. stomach has all 4 types of basic tissue)
What are systems made of?
Several organs with a common purpose
What are the 11 systems?
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Endorcrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Integumentary system
- Epidermal (skin, nails, hair, glands)
- Functions: sensation, protection, immunity, excretion, blood reservoir, vitamind D synthesis, temperature regulation
Skeletal system
- Axial (skull, ribs, vertebrae) and appendicular (limbs and pelvis) + ligaments and cartilage
- Function: support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
Muscular system
- Skeletal muscle (moves body externally) and cardiac/smooth (move internal parts of body)
- Function: movement, heat production
- some overlap with other systems (ie. cardiovascular)
Nervous system
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors. special sense organs
- Function: regulation and coordination of body, detection of internal/external changes, consciousness, memory/learning
Endorcrine system
- Hormone-producing glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, medulla, pancreas, thymus)
- Function: regulate and coordinate body through hormone excretion
Cardiovascular system
- Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood
- Function: transport food, wastes, gases, hormones to/from cells
Lymphatic system
- Bone, lymph vessels/nodes, lymphoid tissue, spleen, thymus
- Function: infection defense, return of extracellular fluid to blood, formation/differentiation of WBC
Respiratory system
- Nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
- Function: exchange of CO2 and oxygen between air/blood in lungs, regulations of H+ ions
Digestive system
- Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
- Function: digestion and absorption of nutrients, salt, water
Urinary system
- Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Function: regulation of excretion of organic wastes, salts, and water to control plasma composition and volume
Reproductive system
- Male (testes, penis) and female (ovaries, uterus, vagina, mamammary glands)
- Male function: production and transfer of sperm
- Female function: egg production and environment for emvryo development
Organism level of organization
All systems working together. Communication, balance to maintain health.
Health = ?
State of normal anatomy and physiology
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in body as external fluctuates
- Includes sensors, control centers, responders
- Eg. body temp, acid-base balance
Disease = ?
- Abnormal structure (anatomy) or function (physiology)
- ‘Pathologic’ state
- Often loss of homeostasis
