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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 1: Body Organization > Flashcards

Unit 1: Body Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy vs Physiology

A

Anatomy: structure
Physiology: function

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2
Q

Submicroscopic/biochemical

A

The structure of DNA and molecules

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3
Q

Microscopic

A

Cellular structure
(Histology: the study of microscopic anatomy)

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4
Q

Macroscopic

A

Gross anatomy (seen with the naked eye)

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5
Q

Systematic Anatomy

A

Breaks the body down into systems

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6
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Study of various species

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7
Q

Applied Anatomy

A

The practical application of anatomy study
- The functions of these structures and their relationship to each other, knowing any abnormalities/pathologies of the body structures

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8
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Right and left halves mirror each other

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9
Q

Paired vs unpaired structures

A

Paired have mirror images (kidneys)
Unpaired are on/near the median plane (heart, stomach)

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10
Q

What are the 2 body cavities?

A

Dorsal (in cranium and spinal canal)
Ventral (subdivided into thoracic and abdominal)

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11
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Subdivided by mediastinum (which encloses everything except lungs)

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12
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Separated from thoracic by diaphragm

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13
Q

What are the membranes in the thoracic cavity?

A

Visceral pleura: lines thoracic organs
Parietal pleura: lines thoracic wall
Mediastinum: separates 2 halves of chest down median plane

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14
Q

Membranes in the abdominal cavity

A

Visceral peritoneum: lines abdominal organs
Parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal wall

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15
Q

Pleural and peritoneal fluid

A

Fill the ‘potential space’ between membrane linings to reduce friction as organs move
Secreted by the membranes
Serous fluid: general term, regardless of location in body

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16
Q

Pericardium

A

The heart’s own membrane (derived from mediastinum)
Layer directly over and loose sac surrounding heart
Forms pericardial cavity

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17
Q

Levels of Organization

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

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18
Q

3 essential structures of mammal cells

A

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytosol
(bonus: sometimes specialized organelles)

19
Q

4 main types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

20
Q

What is epithelial tissue made of?

A

Only cells

21
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics?

A
  • Covers and protects surface of the body
  • Skin, GIT lining, respiratory and cardiovascular system, bladder
  • Some groups specialize to form glands (sweat, salivary, mammary)
22
Q

What is connective tissue made of?

A

Cells + intercellular substances (eg. fibers)

23
Q

Connective tissue characteristics?

A
  • Connects body cells
  • Provides support and struutre to soft cells
  • Ranges from adipose to cartilage and bone
24
Q

Muscle characteristics

A
  • Moves the body
  • 2 types: striated and smooth
  • Conscious (skeletal) and unconscious (cardiac and smooth muscle [GIT, urinary])
25
Q

Nervous tissue characteristics

A
  • Transmit sensory information around the body
  • Helps control functions and movement
26
Q

What are organs made of?

A

A variety of tissues working together (eg. stomach has all 4 types of basic tissue)

27
Q

What are systems made of?

A

Several organs with a common purpose

28
Q

What are the 11 systems?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
  5. Endorcrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
29
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • Epidermal (skin, nails, hair, glands)
  • Functions: sensation, protection, immunity, excretion, blood reservoir, vitamind D synthesis, temperature regulation
30
Q

Skeletal system

A
  • Axial (skull, ribs, vertebrae) and appendicular (limbs and pelvis) + ligaments and cartilage
  • Function: support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
31
Q

Muscular system

A
  • Skeletal muscle (moves body externally) and cardiac/smooth (move internal parts of body)
  • Function: movement, heat production
  • some overlap with other systems (ie. cardiovascular)
32
Q

Nervous system

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors. special sense organs
  • Function: regulation and coordination of body, detection of internal/external changes, consciousness, memory/learning
33
Q

Endorcrine system

A
  • Hormone-producing glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, medulla, pancreas, thymus)
  • Function: regulate and coordinate body through hormone excretion
34
Q

Cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood
  • Function: transport food, wastes, gases, hormones to/from cells
35
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • Bone, lymph vessels/nodes, lymphoid tissue, spleen, thymus
  • Function: infection defense, return of extracellular fluid to blood, formation/differentiation of WBC
36
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • Nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
  • Function: exchange of CO2 and oxygen between air/blood in lungs, regulations of H+ ions
37
Q

Digestive system

A
  • Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
  • Function: digestion and absorption of nutrients, salt, water
38
Q

Urinary system

A
  • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • Function: regulation of excretion of organic wastes, salts, and water to control plasma composition and volume
39
Q

Reproductive system

A
  • Male (testes, penis) and female (ovaries, uterus, vagina, mamammary glands)
  • Male function: production and transfer of sperm
  • Female function: egg production and environment for emvryo development
40
Q

Organism level of organization

A

All systems working together. Communication, balance to maintain health.

41
Q

Health = ?

A

State of normal anatomy and physiology

42
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in body as external fluctuates
- Includes sensors, control centers, responders
- Eg. body temp, acid-base balance

43
Q

Disease = ?

A
  • Abnormal structure (anatomy) or function (physiology)
  • ‘Pathologic’ state
  • Often loss of homeostasis

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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