Unit 4 - Global Interactions Flashcards
The exchange of ideas, goods, food, and diseases across the Atlantic Ocean is typically called what
the Columbian Exchange
What does the Renaissance mean?
the rebirth
The Renaissance was mostly centered in this country, which became a thriving center of the arts. Painters and sculptors attempted to re-create the forms of Classical Greek art, which depicted human subjects with a lot of detail and nobility.
Italy
Renaissance thinkers did develop a new way of looking at the world called
humanism
This famously started when the German monk Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints about the Church to the doors of a church in 1517. His 95 Theses became popular reading material, since they were reproduced on the new technology of the printing press.
The Protestant Reformation
He received credit for bringing the printing press to Europe. Previously, movable type had only been used in China and Central Asia.
Johannes Gutenberg
What is syncretism?
The process in which several religions grow together over a time
What was the state ideology of the Qing dynasty?
neo-confucianism
Vodun was a polytheistic religion from where?
Ghana
Renaissance thinkers did develop a new way of looking at the world called
humanism
this Russian tsar from 1682 to 1725, was obsessed with all things Western. He styled his government, life, and even his clothes and his beard by European standards. He built St. Petersburg in his own honor with the intention of making it a great European city. While Ivan created Russia in the last era, he made Russia a European state.
Peter the Great
This chinese dynasty ruled from 1368 until 1644
Ming
Who established the Qing Dynasty, which lasted from 1644 to 1912? (an ethnic group to the northeast who were related to the Mongols)
The Manchus
They established a dual system of government, where the civil service examination appointees were joined by non-merit-based appointments of their noblemen. (in China)
the Manchus
This empire became the dominant force in the Middle East, especially after conquering Constantinople in 1453
The Ottoman Empire
This Indian Empire was Muslim, while most of India was Hindu
Mughal
He was big on religious tolerance and even tried to start his own religion that blended Hindu and Islam and ruled from 1556 to 1605
Akbar the Great
South of Mali and Songhay was this kingdom, a Vodun kingdom with a strongly centralized government and army. They were militarily superior to their neighbors due to spending hundreds of years purchasing horses, steel weapons, and guns from Mali and, later, the Europeans. They compelled all of their male citizens, and many of their female citizens, to serve in the military. Their army was always at war with someone, and they made a tidy profit selling their prisoners of war to European traders. Over time, the slave trade turned from a side benefit of war to the primary purpose of war.
The Dahomey Kingdom
the two most valuable commodities that were traded, at least from the Americas, were
sugar and silver
This chinese dynasty ruled from 1368 until 1644
Ming
Who established the Qing Dynasty, which lasted from 1644 to 1912? (an ethnic group to the northeast who were related to the Mongols)
The Manchus
They established a dual system of government, where the civil service examination appointees were joined by non-merit-based appointments of their noblemen. (in China)
the Manchus
This empire became the dominant force in the Middle East, especially after conquering Constantinople in 1453
The Ottoman Empire
This Indian Empire was Muslim, while most of India was Hindu
Mughal
He was big on religious tolerance and even tried to start his own religion that blended Hindu and Islam and ruled from 1556 to 1605
Akbar the Great
South of Mali and Songhay was this kingdom, a Vodun kingdom with a strongly centralized government and army. They were militarily superior to their neighbors due to spending hundreds of years purchasing horses, steel weapons, and guns from Mali and, later, the Europeans. They compelled all of their male citizens, and many of their female citizens, to serve in the military. Their army was always at war with someone, and they made a tidy profit selling their prisoners of war to European traders. Over time, the slave trade turned from a side benefit of war to the primary purpose of war.
The Dahomey Kingdom
the two most valuable commodities that were traded, at least from the Americas, were
sugar and silver
The most noteworthy leg of the Triangle Trade route was the ____________, the name given to the horrendous journey that slaves took across the Atlantic Ocean. Africans were separated from their families and were crowded into boats, tied down, and fed the bare minimum. Often, it wasn’t enough, and many died of malnutrition along the way. Historians can’t determine the number of people who were forced to make the trip to the Americas this way, but estimates are typically in the millions.
Middle Passage
n New Spain, encompassing Central America, the Spanish implemented a system called _________, in which Spanish immigrants were given villages of Americans to “educate,” “protect,” and convert to Christianity. In exchange, the villagers were supposed to perform “appropriate labor” for the estate owners. Americans were given little right to appeal this system, and the system had little oversight or inspections.
encomienda
A period in Western Europe marked by the revival of classical Greek and Roman culture.
The Renaissance
The explorer whose voyage to the Americas began the period of European colonization.
Christopher Columbus
An entrepreneur credited with introducing the movable type printing press to Europe
Johannes Gutenberg
The founder of the Protestant Reformation in Germany
Martin Luther
Martin Luther’s complaints against the Catholic Church
95 theses
A broad term covering many different denominations of Christianity that split from the Catholic Church in the 1400s and 1500s.
Protestantism
A major figure of the Scientific Revolution. Invented calculus and theories of gravity and physics.
Isaac Newton
An Enlightenment thinker known for articulating the idea of universal human (well, male) rights.
John Locke
A philosophy common during the Enlightenment that held that God could not interfere in the system that God designed.
Deism
A period of intellectual activity in Europe. Preceded by the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment thinkers attempted to solve human problems with rational observation and logic.
Enlightenment
The tsar of Russia’s first European-style court. Also founded St. Petersburg.
Peter the Great
Indentured laborers considered part of feudal lords’ land.
Serfs
Grants of American villages to Spanish settlers.
Encomiendas
The most profitable cash crop of the Americas; originally brought from India.
Sugar
The universal world currency of this period.
Silver
Located in modern-day Bolivia, it remains the largest silver mine in the world.
Potosi
The institution of permanent indentured servitude.
Slavery
The shipping route between Africa and the Americas. Almost exclusively used for slaves.
Middle Passage
The practice of selling European goods in Africa for slaves, slaves in Africa for American goods, and American goods in Europe for European goods.
Triangular Trade
An empire founded by Turks, it stretched across the Mediterranean coast, the Middle East, and into Europe.
Ottoman
The elite infantry corps of the Ottoman Empire. Formed of soldiers originally abducted by the devshirme tax.
Janissaries
The Muslim Mongol empire that conquered India.
Mughals
The most famous Mughal leader, known for religious tolerance and building the Taj Mahal.
Akbar the Great
The dynasty founded after expelling the Mongols from China. They are most known for launching the voyages of Zheng He.
Ming
The dynasty founded when the Ming was conquered by an invading Manchu army. The last dynasty of China.
Qing
The last shogunate of Japan. Known for being hostile to Europeans.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Which dynasty developed printing?
Song
Moveable type wasn’t invented in Europe until the mid-1400s, when he invented the printing press.
Johannes Gutenberg
This was a piece of paper that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory (the place Roman Catholics believed they would go after death). There, they would expiate their sins and then be allowed to enter heaven.
indulgences
In 1517, a German monk named ______ ______ supposedly nailed a list of 95 theses on a church door
Martin Luther
He was from France and led a powerful Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestination.
John Calvin
During this reformation of the 16th century, the Catholic Church itself reformed, while also succeeding in winning back some of the souls it had lost to the fledging Protestant denominations
Catholic reformation
Aka the counter-reformatuon
To resolve their differences, Portugal and Spain drew up this treaty, which established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (north-south) line that runs through the western Atlantic Ocean.
Treaty of Tordesillas
