Unit 2 - Organization And Reorganization Flashcards
This dynasty ruled china from 221 to 207 BCE. It was notable for reuniting the old Zhou kingdom as well as conquering several new areas of Central china. It was also notable for standardizing weights, measures, writing, and for building the Great Wall
Qin dynasty
Literally, “The First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty,” he was also the first non mythical person to take the title of “emperor” in china
Qin shi huangdi
This dynasty ruled 206 BCE to 220 CE. This Confucian dynasty established a long period of unity in China. They are notable for completing the Qin’s standardization of language, creating the system of Chinese characters used up to the modern day. They also established the precedent of a large, self regulating bureaucracy
Han dynasty
The official ideology of Chinese courts from the Han dynasty until 1911. It places and emphasis on hierarchy, education, and just governance. Founded by Confucius (551 - 479 BCE)
Confucianism
Originally a philosophy founded in the sixth century BCE, this has since accrued many spiritual and religious aspects. It emphasizes being in harmony with oneself and nature
Daoism
The official ideology of the Qin dynasty. Very similar to totalitarianism, it places an emphasis on the need for the government to harshly punish or execute people for the smallest moral infractions
Legalism
A network of land and sea routes connecting china with the rest of Afro-Eurasia
Silk road
A very diverse religion with many vastly different denominations. It developed out of Vedism and places value on communing with Brahman, the divine “reality” underneath the real world
Hinduism
The founder of Buddhism, lived from 563 - 483 BCE
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha
A term later applied to the John concepts of jati (occupational group), in which persons born into on occupation were considered destined to perform that occupation
Caste system
A ruler of the Maurya Empire in India, he is most known for converting to and spreading Buddhism. Lived from 304 - 232 BCE.
Ashoka
The first empire to unify most of India, Pakistan, and Burma. It lasted from 332 BCE to 185 BCE.
Maurya empire
A large and influential Indian empire, it ruled Pakistan and the north of India from 320 to 550 CE
Gupta empire
Greek name for an independent city state
Polis
A large and powerful city-state, it was known for a limited form of democracy in which a small portion of the population (male landowners) voted in the public square on every major issue
Athens
A large and powerful city-state, it was ruled by kings, who were sometimes selected by a general assembly. All male citizens in this city state trained for the army, leaving work to the Slavs (two-thirds of their population)
Sparta
A Macedonian ruler raised in Greece. He would later conquer most of the Achaemenid empire.
Alexander the Great
The Greek cultural influences seen in the Middle East, Central Asia, and India following Alexander the Great’s conquests.
Hellenism
The government of early Rome, in which citizens voted on senators to represent them. Overthrown by a series of dictators in 27 BCE
Roman republic
The new government in Rome, after 27 BCE, in which the senate was subservient to an emperor
Roman empire
Ruled the Roman Empire from 306 to 337 CE. Legalized Christianity and built a new capital at Constantinople.
Comstantine
Lived from 6 BCE or 4 BCE to the late 20s or early 30s CE. Founder of Christianity, “jesus” is actually the Greek form of his name, which was the Hebrew name Yehosua (Joshua)
Jesus of Nazareth
Culture of several city states in southern Mexico and Central America. Declined in the 8th an 9th centuries CE.
Maya
This dynasty abolished feudalism, instituted a centralized govt, and was one of the briefest chinese dynasties
Qun
3 major precedents of Qin
Strong emperor
Large bureaucracy
Expanded territory to vietnam
This was a state sponsored alternative to Confucianism and Taoism in Qin.
- petiole are basically evil - must be kept in line with strict laws
Legalism
The government bureaucracy grew stronger in this Chinese dynasty (200BCE - 220 CE)
Han
The territory expanded to Central Asia, Korea, and indochina in this dynasty
Han
True or false:
The threat of the Huns was not as significant in Han china as in Europe, and a time of peace settled across China.
True
True or false: unification of china was a main goal in Han China
True
What led to a peasant uprising in 184 BCE china?
Taxes grew to high (Han)
Who was the greatest ruler of the Mauryan empire?
Ashoka
Why did the Mauryan empire collapse
Attacks from putsiders
True or false:
The Gupta empire had a more decentralized govt that Mauryan and others
True
What led to much order in the Gupta empire?
Caste system/Hinduism
Two major city states of Greece
Athens and aoarta
These wars (492-479) led to Athenian dominance
Persian Wars
What war followed the Persian wars?
Peloponnesian war
True or false: the Qin dynasty constructed roads
True
True or false: Qin helped spread Buddhism
True
How did Greece gain wealth and power?
Through trade and a strong navy
500 CE
to improve transportation and communication across the vast empire, the Persians built a series of long roads. The longest was the _________, which stretched some 1600 miles from the Persian gulf to the Aegean Sea
Great royal road
True or false: Greece replaced the barter system with money system
True
Money invented by lydians
True or false
Alexander conquered the Persian empire
True
This Opened trade to Hellenistic world
Which empire Paper Sundials/calendars Ox drawn plows Collar
Han
Who first came up with the concept of being innocent until proven guilty?
The Romans
What is the greatest epic poem of India?
Mahabarata
This empire was the classical age of India
Guptas
Who introduced the caste system in India
Aryans
What were the 3 social groups in Greece?
citizens
free people
non citizens/slaves
The belief that gods and goddesses inhabited natural features
Animism
-Africa, islands of Polynesia
The Hebrews were not Jews until when?
the 900s BCE
Under Roman rule, Judaism gave birth to what new religion?
Christianity
Like many Middle Eastern religions, Judaism practiced what?
Slavery
True or False:
Judaism was a missionary religion
FALSE
Judaism was not a missionary religion
-Did little to attempt to convert non-Jews
What was the first monotheistic religion that gave way to Christianity?
Judaism
What is the principal religion of India?
Hinduism
Where did Hinduism spread? (3)
Southeast Asia
Malay Peninsula, islands of Indian Ocean
Vietnam/Cambodia - some adopted Sanskrit
During the Mauryan Empire, which religion gained more power over Hinduism?
Buddhism
During Gupta, what religion was reestablished?
Hinduism
This grand epic of 90,000 stanzas is the longest poem in the world, and is about a great war between two royal houses. It lectures on moral duty
Mahabharata
This religion has roots further back than any other religion still practiced
Hinduism
What is the main priority of Confucianism?
How to reestablish political/social order
What was the golden rule of Confucianism?
“Never do to others what you would not like them to do to you”
Legalism was most practiced by which dynasty?
Qin
Approximately when did Daoism appear?
500 BCE
Daoism was founded in response to what
the Era of Warring States
Where did Buddhism originate?
India
What do Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism have in common?
All are tied to culture, not evangelical movement trying to change civilizations
Why was Buddhism a challenge to social hierarchy of India?
Against Brahmans
No caste System
Appeals to lower rank (and women?)
What are the two main schools of thought of Buddhism?
Theravada/Hinayana
Mahayana
Why did Buddhism reject the caste system?
-rejected the idea that only Brahmin could be freed from samsara
Any person could achieve liberation
Vedism served as a basis for which religion?
Hinduism
Despite all this diversity, all forms of early Hinduism had these 3 elements in common:
belief in dharma
karma
reincarnation
What was the most successful offshoot of meditative Hinduism?
Buddhism
Buddhism got a huge bump from who, a ruler of the Maurya Empire, who converted in around 270 BCE after a really bad night out and helped spread the religion through his empire.
Ashoka
Confucianism finally became the state ideology in this Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), and remained the official ideology for all subsequent Chinese states. Its principles continue to influence much of Chinese culture today.
Han
Religious _______ (this religion) hit its peak during the 1st millennium CE, and is now modern China’s fifth largest religion.
Daoism
Christianity is based on the teachings of ________________, a Jew who lived in Israel during the Roman occupation
Jesus of Nazareth
Emperor Constantine made this religion legal in 313 CE.
Christianity
The combination of this official acceptance and the religion’s emphasis on conversion marked the beginning of Christianity’s tremendous influence in Europe and the rest of the world, a status the religion still holds today.
In China, the _______ Dynasty (221–206 BCE) is famous for building the Great Wall, although most of the Wall has been torn down and rebuilt several times since.
Qin
This dynasty invented paper. Early Chinese mathematics and engineering also took off in this period, often used to construct or attack massive city fortifications.
Han
The Romans built these to transport water roads that led back to Rome, and huge buildings for both government and entertainment.
aqueducts
This Empire made huge advancements in algebra and geometry, setting the stage for later Indian mathematics. They were the first in Eurasia to come up with the concept of zero. Even more importantly, their arts, literature, poetry, and music were the primary influence of later Indian culture. They are also known for building huge temples that feature Hindu gods, and for inventing the earliest known version of the game of chess.
Gupta
From a capital called Persepolis in Iran, they ruled an empire that included what is now Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, north Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and southern Russia. Each area was more or less left to administer themselves, so long as they sent taxes every year and military units whenever the empire was at war (which was often).
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)
What allowed the Achaemenids to expend a minimum of effort to maintain their empire.
An extremely decentralized model in which each area was more or less left to administer themselves, so long as they sent taxes every year and military units whenever the empire was at war (which was often).
How did the Achaemenid Empire fall?
When the Greco-Macedonian leader, Alexander the Great, beat the Achaemenid army in the 4th century BCE, local rulers across the empire declared their independence. Not long after, Alexander took Persepolis and brought the giant Achaemenid empire down.
What were the two major city states in Ancient Greece?
Athens and Sparta
In the 300s BC, who conquered Greece?
Macedonians
Why is Rome often associated with Greece?
Because the two cultures shared a significant overlap in culture.
Ancient Rome was divided into what two broad categories?
the patricians and the plebeians
slaves were below
Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from where to where?
Rome to Constantinople
What caused the split of the roman empire in half, creating the Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire by the end of the 4th century
there was an escalating power struggle between Constantinople and Rome. By the end of the fourth century CE, the two capitals split the empire in half between them, creating the Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire.
What was the eastern roman empire also known as?
The Byzantine Empire
What were rock edicts?
big stones carved with the pronouncements of Maurya emperors, by which a lot about their government system can be deduced
Who invaded the Gupta Empire in 550 CE leading to their collapse?
The White Huns
What was the state ideology of the Qin Dynasty?
Legalism
Why did the Han and Roman Empire collapse?
revenue problems and foreign invaders
What/Who was the big successor to the Olmecs?
The Maya
These provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. These shared ones also influenced and reinforced political, economic, and occupational stratification
Religions and belief systems
These people are important because they came up with the concept of using coined money to conduct trade rather than using the barter system, in which goods are exchanged for other goods. This, of course, led to a monetary system of consistent prices and allowed people to save money for future use.
Lydians
These people are important because they established powerful naval city-states along the Mediterranean, and they developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters as opposed to the much more complex cuneiform system.
Phoenicians
Before the Old Kingdom in Egypt, the entire Nile river valley was united under this King, who built his capital at Memphis and led efforts to manage the floodwaters and build drainage and irrigation systems.
King Menes
Why did Ancient Egypt become very dependent on trade?
Its people needed a constant supply of timber and stone for their many building projects, and because their culture valued luxuries such as gold and spices.
-had an enormous impact on Egyptians because it brought them into contact with other civilizations
Who was the first female ruler in history?
Queen Hatshepsut
-ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom
credited with expanding Egyptian trade expeditions; most Egyptian women enjoyed more rights and opportunities than their counterparts in Mesopotamia during this time.
The ____ _____ through the Hindu Kush Mountains provided a connection to the outside world and was used by merchants on trade excursions. Later, it also gave invading forces a way into the land.
Khyber Pass
What were the two majore cities in Indus Valley
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
They were nomadic tribes from north of the Caucasus Mountains (near the Black and Caspian Seas). Using horses and advanced weaponry, they easily defeated the populations in the Indus Valley.
Aryans
Around 1100 BCE, the Shange were ousted by him, who established the Zhou Dynasty
Wu Wang
the Zhou Dynasty believed in this, which meant that heaven would grant the Zhou power only as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely. The Zhou Dynasty would remain in power only as long as it had the blessing of Heaven
The Mandate of Heaven
These migrations, beginning around 1500 BCE, farmers in the Niger and Benue River valleys in West Africa began migrating south and east, bringing with them their languages and their knowledge of agriculture and metallurgy (iron).
the Bantu migrations
-continued over the course of the next 2000 years.
This was the first city in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although it reached urban density, its architecture suggests that it was not a hierarchically organized society.
Jenne-Jeno
What is unique about the Olmec and Chavin civilizations from other early civilizations?
They didn’t develop in river valleys, as did all other major early civilizations
What was the most important Mayan political center?
Tikal
Mayan warfare was generally conducted not to gain territory, but to acquire what, which were used in large scale building projects and in agricultural production.
Slaves
-The Maya had no large animals, so humans were their primary source of labor.
Chichen-Itza was an important city in which civilization?
Maya
What were the two major reasons that the Mauryan Empire became so powerful and wealthy?
Trade
Powerful Military
Ashoka is known for his __________, which reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives.
Rock and Pillar Edicts
After Ashoka’s death in 232 BCE, the mauryan Empire began to decline rapidly, primarily due to what two things?
economic problems and pressure from attacks in the northeast
By the time of the Gupta Dynasty, what religion had become the dominant religion in India again?
Hinduism
Why did the Gupta Dynasty collapse?
pressure from the White Huns in 550 CE
What does the Great Wall of China show about the Qin Dynasty?
-The Empire was incredibly well organized, centralized, and territorial.
The civil service system developed during which Dynasty?
Han
This was the political, commercial, and cultural center of Greek civilization
Athens
This was an agricultural and highly militaristic region in Ancient Greece
Sparta
What were the three groups (classes) of each polis in Greece
citizens (adult males, often engaged in business or commerce)
free people (no political rights)
noncitizens (slaves; nearly 1/3 of the people in Athens, no rights)
True or False:
Women held a higher status and were granted greater equality in Sparta than women of Athens or other city states.
True
These two were aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens and to ensure fair, equal, and open participation.
Draco and Solon
What was an exception of Greek polytheism from other early civilizations?
The Greek godds were believed to possess human failings - they got angry, got drunk, took sides, and had petty arguments.
These wars united all the Greek city-states against their mutual enemy, Persia. Much of Athens was destroyed in these wars, but Greece held on and the wars ended in a stalemate.
Persian Wars
Under Peicles, Athens established this League with other city-states, an alliance against aggression from its common enemies.
Delian League
Who wrote the epic poems of The Illiad and The Odyssey ?
Homer
After Athens and Sparta were weak from the Peloponnesian War, the ______________ invaded Athens from the north and conquered the entire region
Macedonians
Alexander the Great divided his realm (Macedonian Empire) into what three emplires?
the Antigonid (Greece and Macedon) the Ptolemaic (Egypt) the Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)
What is Hellenism?
The culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece
What were the classes of Ancient Rome?
Patricians (land owning noblemen)
Plebeians (all other free men)
slaves
This was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. It formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic. Later, these laws were extended to an international code that Rome applied to its conquered territories.
the Twelve Tables of Rome
Rome’s first enemy was this city-state in North Africa
Carthage
To maintain their vast empire, they built an extensive road network and aqueducts, and greatly enlarged their navy
The Romans
The first triumvirate and second triumvirate are associated with which empire?
Roman
What was the state religion in the early days of the Roman republic?
Paganism
This religion grew out o Judaism, which had been practiced by Hebrews I Palestine for thousands of years.
Christianity
Who issued the edict of Milan in 313 CE to end the persecution of Christians?
Constantine
Who invaded the Gupta empire causing it to fall?
The white huns
He became emperor of Rome in 284 CE and attempted to deal with the increasing problems by dividing the empire int two regions run by do-emperors. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.
Diocletian
Because the practice of polytheism in most early civilizations were very complicated and filled with rituals, it led to the ride of a this class, who’s members controlled most of the communication between the people and their gods.
Priesfs
These are individuals who are considered superior because they are educated, conscientious, and able to put aside personal ambition for the good of the state. (In Confucianism)
Junzi
Surging Taoism is the doctrine of _____, disengagement from worldly affairs, a simple life in harmony with nature.
Wuwei
Who founded Buddhism?
A young Hindu price named Siddharta Gautama
After the death of Buddha in 483 BCE, Buddhism split into two large movements:
Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana
This type of Buddhism emphasizes meditation, simplicity. And an interpretation of nirvana as the renunciation of human consciousness and of the self. In this type of Buddhism, Buddha himself is not considered a god, and other gods and goddesses have very little significance
Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism
This type of Buddhism is the more complicated form. This type appealed to people who believed that the original teachings of Buddha did not offer enough spiritual comfort; therefore, they began to hypothesize that other forms of salvation were possible. In this type, the Buddha himself be and a godlike deity. Moreover, other deities appear, including bodhisattvas, those who have achieved nirvana but choose to remain on earth. This form of buddhism also relies more on priests and scriptures. Detractors of this form of Buddhism view these addictions as being too similar to the Hinduism that Buddha disapproved of.
Mahayana buddhism
True or false:
Judaism believes in an afterlife, a set of traditions and doctrines, philosophy, and personal salvation.
True
