Unit 3 Flashcards
They collected notes until 710, when they overhauled their state on the Chinese model. They built a Chinese-style city to be their new capital at Nara, instituted a small bureaucracy, and established a system to write Japanese words with Chinese characters. During this period, they also adopted elements of Chinese literature and philosophy.
Japanese
Foot binding developed in what dynasty?
Song
Three areas where women could achieve high status
West Africa, Vietnam, and among the Mongols.
These maintained employment standards and advocated for their members, but also fixed prices and drove out competition to ensure monopolies. (in feudal societies)?
guilds
Primary goods coming out of China on the silk road
silk, paper, high-quality tools, and other manufactured goods
Primary goods going into China on the silk road
precious metals, plant and animal specimens, spices, cotton, and slaves
These were large inns specifically designed to accommodate caravans on the road in the Middle East
caravanserais
They were the ancestors of modern-day French and German people that conquered the city of Rome in the 5th century.
Goths
He came to power by promising the Catholic Church that he would do two things: 1) conquer the pagans of North Europe and force them to convert to Catholicism, and 2) send an army south to Spain to prevent to Muslim Moors from conquering the Catholics there. In return, the Catholic Church ordered their bishops to support him with their political connections, money, and armies
Charlemagne
Charlemagne built up a gigantic state called the _____________, claiming that he was bringing back the old Roman days. In actuality, his “empire” was run similarly to a confederation of Goth tribes. Each area had a duke, similar to a chieftain, who voted on who the next Emperor would be. The big continuity with Roman days was the continued authority of Catholicism.
Holy Roman Empire
The only uniting factor of all the diverse states in Europe was the this, which they had all learned to follow while they were controlled by the Western Roman Empire.
Catholic Church
Where were Vikings from?
Scandinavia
What were Viking knights called?
Jarls
Civil Service Examinations began to be used primarily in what dynasty?
Tang
its capital was in Damascus in present day Syria. Its main characteristic was its ability to expand and spread as far as Spain and North Africa, exceeding Rome in its size and scope. Ultimately, this Empire collapsed due to the revolt of a Shi’a ruler.
the Umayyad
This empire relocated its capital to Baghdad. Unlike the Ummayads, they established a large bureaucracy that centrally planned the Empire’s economy. They also used their political power to move Silk Road trade away from land routes in north central Asia and towards land and sea routes passing through Baghdad.
Abbasids
in East Africa, Arab and Indian colonists founded trade hubs. The colonies acted as cultural melting pots, combining the Arab, Indian, and Bantu cultures into the ________ culture. The ________ language was Bantu-based but incorporated a lot of vocabulary from Arabic and the Indian language of Prakrit.
Swahili
The second-largest religion in the world after Christianity.
Islam
The founder of Islam. He lived from 570 CE to 632 CE in what is now Saudi Arabia.
Muhammad
The city of Muhammad’s birth and the location of the holiest pilgrimage site in Islam.
Mecca
The largest denomination of Islam. They focus on the need for the consensus of all people in the selection of Muslim leaders and the interpretation of Muslim scriptures.
Sunni
The second-largest denomination of Islam. they focus on the importance of Muhammad’s descendants, as they believe that God’s selection is more important than broader consensus. Several of Muhammad’s prominent descendants have become the scriptural authorities for this faith.
Shi’a
The largest historical Islamic caliphate. It lasted from 661 to 750.
Umayyad
The holy book of Islam, believed to have been spoken to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel.
Koran
A large Shi’a caliphate based in Baghdad. Lasted from 750 to 1258.
Abbasid
A series of wars between Catholic and Islamic armies over control of pilgrimage sites and trade routes in the Middle East. Waged intermittently between 1095 and 1272.
Crusades
An Empire in West Africa, famous for the metropolis of Timbuktu. Lasted from 1230 to 1667.
Mali
The largest city in West Africa. Also site of the largest university and library in Africa.
Timbuktu
A traveler from North Africa who wrote travel accounts of Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia.
Ibn Battuta
A language and culture that developed in East Africa as a result of interactions between Bantu peoples and Arab and Indian colonists.
Swahili
An empire that split from the Western Roman Empire in 395 and lasted until 1453. Its capital was at Constantinople.
Eastern Roman Empire
An alternate name for the Eastern Roman Empire, which split from the Western Roman Empire in 395 and lasted until 1453.
Byzantine Empire
Scandinavian people involved in raid warfare and colonization of northern and eastern Europe prior to 1000 CE.
Vikings
A decentralized system of government and labor organization. Nobles are given land in exchange for loyalty to the king and military service. They gain ownership over not only their land but also the common people on it, who become serfs. Common in medieval Europe and Japan.
Feudalism
The founder of the Holy Roman Empire. Lived from 768 to 814.
Charlemagne
An ethnolinguistic group from Scandinavia, they conquered most of Western Europe in the 5th century CE.
Goths
An empire created by three allied city-states in modern day central Mexico. It lasted from 1428 to 1521.
Aztec
A large centralized empire in the South American Andes Mountains. It lasted from 1438 to 1533.
Inca Empire
A Chinese dynasty known for openness to foreign influences, particularly Buddhism. It lasted from 618 to 907.
Tang
A Chinese dynasty known for the development of the ideology of Neo-Confucianism. It lasted from 960 to 1279.
Song
A dynasty established in China by the Mongol invader Kublai Khan. It lasted from 1271 to 1368.
Yuan
The Chinese Dynasty that overthrew the Mongols. They are famous for launching Zheng He’s voyages. Lasted from 1368 to 1664,
Ming
First established in the Tang but not used consistently until the Song. This was an examination held by the Imperial Academy to identify candidates to serve in China’s bureaucracy.
Civil Service Examination
The only woman to reign in name in Chinese history. Was the first monarch to use civil service examinations for all appointments. Reigned from 684 to 705.
Empress Wu
Professional warriors who served Japanese feudal lords, called daimyo.
Samurai
Japanese feudal lords, similar to European knights and barons.
Daimyo
A Turkic ethnic group from eastern Central Asia, who conquered most of Asia in the 13th to 15th centuries.
Mongols
The first Mongol ruler to unify all Mongols under his banner.
Genghis Khan
A “labor tax” in the Inca Empire, in which commoners owed the government several weeks of hard physical labor per year.
Mit’a
What is jihad?
“The struggle”
This refers to both the struggle to be a better Muslim and the struggle against non believers
This is a government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided.
Theocracy
When Mohammad died unexpectedly in 632, who became the caliph (head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader)
Abu Bakr
The ______, Islamic mystics, were its most effective missionaries. They stressed a personal relationship with Allah, in contrast to other religions that emphasize a particular form of ritual.
Audis
Turkish slaves or _______ revolted and established a new capital at Samarra in central Iraq, while other groups carved out pieces of the Islamic empire.
Mamluks
Who defeated the Abbasid dynasty?
The Mongols
True or false:
The Byzantine empire was a lot more centralized and organized than the western empire
True
Both practiced Christianity, though not in the same way
Under his rule (527-565), the former glory and unity or the Roman Empire was somewhat restored in Constantinople. (The Byzantine)
Justinian
The Justinian period of the Byzantine empire is remembered most for what two things?
The Justinian code - a codification of Roman law that kept ancient roman legal principles alive
The flowering or the arts and sciences, evident in the construction of major buildings and churches, most notably Hagia Sophia, an enormous cathedral that still stands today (but now as a mosque)
What did the Catholics and orthodox disagree about?
The sacrament of communion, whether priests should be allowed to marry and the use of local languages in church.
In the 9th century, the Slavic people of southeastern Europe and Russia were converted to Christianity by him, an orthodox Christian, who used the Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet that to this day is used in parts of the region.
St. Cyril
They were a Germanic tribe that united under the leadership of King Clovis in the late fifth century. He built a rather large empire that stretched from present day Germany through Belgium and into France.
The franks
He left he revolt against the advancing Muslim armies and in 732 defeated them at the Battle of Tours, not far from Paris.
Charles Martel
This league controlled trade through your much of Northern Europe
Hanseatic league
These were military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the 11th through the 14th centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity
The crusades
- These are religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine or
- older beliefs that did not adapt to more mainstream changed in religious thought
Heresies
This is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by academics of medieval universities in Europe that sometimes came into conflict with the church because it relied on reason rather than faith as a basis
Scholadticidm
Late in the 13th century, __________, a famous Christian realist of this period, made significant inroads in altering Christian thought. He wrote Summa Theologica, which outlined his view that faith and reason are not in conflict, but that both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other.
Thomas Aquinas
Who was the Hundred Years’ War fought between? (1337-1453)
England and dranxe
It wasnt until 1242 that Russia succumbed to them (a group
of Mongols from the east) under Genghis Khan.
Tatars
This Chinese dynasty ruled china beginning in 618 CE. Under Emperor Xuanzong, this empire expanded Chinese territory into parts or Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea.
Tang
This Chinese dynasty began in 960 and reunified China under emperor Taizu.
Aong
Which dynasty created the civil service examinations?
Han
Which dynasty invented movable type?
Somg
One of the more incredible events during this dynasty was the rise of Wi Zhao, who became the first (and to date, only) empress of china at the death of her husband, emperor Gaozong.
Tang
Japan borrowed a lot of culture from which Chinese dynasty?
Tang
-still placed more value on family than education gbough
This civilization developed at about the same time as ancient Egypt, and at one point around 750 BCE actually conquered it. Less than a hundred years later, however, they retreated southward back to their capital at Meroe, where it became a center for ironworks and trade.
Kush
After the Kush decline around 200 CE, this empire rose to greatness in modern-day Ethiopia. Although it never conquered any other civilization, it traded with them frequently, especially ivory and gold. In the fourth century, it converted to Christianity, and in the 7th century, many converted to Islam.
Axum
One of the greatest Mali rulers, _____ ____, built a capital at Timbuktu and expanded the kingdom well beyond the bounds of Ghana. In 1307, he made a pilgrimage to mecca complete with an entourage of hundreds of gold-carrying servants and camels.
Mansa Musa
The largest empire in west Africa was formed in the mid-fifteenth century, when Songhai ruler _____ ___ conquered the entire region and established the Songhai Empire. The Songhai Empire lasted until around 1600 CE, and during its reign, Timbuktu became a major cultural center, complete with a university that drew scholars form around the Islamic world.
Sonni Ali
This culture (near present day Nigeria) mastered a bronze sculpting technique. They made clay molds around a wax carving, melted the wax, filled the mold with melted bronze, and after breaking the clay mold, revealed some of the most beautiful early bronze work created by any civilization.
Benin
The Aztecs, also known as the Mexica, arrived in central Mexico in the mid 1200s and built their capital at ___________ (modern-day Mexico City).
Tenochtitlan
This was a collection of city-states in the Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe that banded together in 1241 to establish common trade practices, fight off pirates, and foreign governments, and essentially establish a trade monopoly from the region to much of the rest of the world
Hanseatic League
